ArticleBiomedicines2021
A Live Probiotic Vaccine Prototype Based on Conserved Influenza a Virus Antigens Protect Mice against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Study to evaluate the safety and tolerability ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Trial
- Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Influenza: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Emerging Evidence.Viruses · 2026Review
- Co-injection with inactivatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Immune Response to Mucosal Immunization with an Oral Probiotic-Based Vaccine in Mice: Potential for Prime-Boost Immunization against SARS-CoV-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Expressing Enterococcus for Oral Vaccination: Immunogenicity and Protection.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Microbiota and the Response to Vaccines Against Respiratory Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDue to the highly variable nature of the antigenic properties of the influenza virus, many efforts have been made to develop broadly reactive influenza vaccines. Various vaccine platforms have been explored to deliver conserved viral antigens to the target cells to induce cross-reactive immune responses. Here, we assessed the feasibility of using
methodswe generated two vaccine prototypes by inserting full-length HA2 (L3-HA2) protein or its long alpha helix (LAH) domain in combination with four M2e tandem repeats (L3-LAH+M2e) into genome of
resultsas expected, both vaccine prototypes induced HA stem-targeting antibodies, whereas only L3-LAH+4M2e vaccine induced M2e-specific antibody. The L3-HA2 vaccine partially protected mice against lethal challenge with two H1N1 heterologous viruses, while 100% of animals in the L3-LAH+4M2e vaccine group survived in both challenge experiments, and there was significant protection against weight loss in this group, compared to the L3 vector-immunized control mice.
conclusionsthe recombinant enterococcal strain L3-LAH+4M2e can be considered as a promising live probiotic vaccine candidate for influenza prevention and warrants further evaluation in relevant pre-clinical models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.