ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Differences in Polyamine Content between Human Milk and Infant Formulas.
Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal association of dietary spermidine with hepatic function indexes and cardiometabolic traits in older adults with metabolic syndrome.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Preliminary study on the effects of different dietary spermine levels on intestinal function, microflora, and metabolism in weaned Wuzhishan piglets.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Human milkFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Influence of the Type of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Polyamines on Infant Anthropometric Parameters.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for nutrition during the first months of life, but when breastfeeding is not possible, it may be replaced by infant formulas, either partially or totally. Polyamines, which play an important role in intestinal maturation and the development of the immune system, are found both in human milk and infant formulas, the first exogenous source of these compounds for the newborn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and evolution of polyamines in human milk during the first semester of lactation and to compare the polyamine content with that of infant formulas. In total, 30 samples of human milk provided by six mothers during the first five months of lactation as well as 15 different types of infant formulas were analyzed using UHPLC-FL. Polyamines were detected in all human milk samples but with great variation among mothers. Spermidine and spermine levels tended to decrease during the lactation period, while putrescine remained practically unchanged. Considerable differences were observed in the polyamine contents and profiles between human milk and infant formulas, with concentrations being up to 30 times lower in the latter. The predominant polyamines in human milk were spermidine and spermine, and putrescine in infant formulas.
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