ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Novel Biomarkers Differentiating Viral from Bacterial Infection in Febrile Children: Future Perspectives for Management in Clinical Praxis.
Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rapid Diagnostics for Distinguishing Bacterial and Viral Infections: A Review of Technologies, Clinical Utility, and Stewardship Implications.Biosensors · 2026Review
- The accuracy of CRP to detect bacteraemia in Malawian children.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The role of rapid molecular diagnostics in managing bloodstream infections: a microbiological insight.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- Explainable machine learning for the early differentiation of pediatric bronchopneumonia using routine laboratory parameters.PloS one · 2026Article
- Diagnostic testing and antibiotic stewardship for pneumonia in children worldwide: current developments and next steps.Current opinion in pediatrics · 2025Review
- CD177, MYBL2, and RRM2 Are Potential Biomarkers for Musculoskeletal Infections.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2025Article
- Review: Diagnostic Potential for Collaborative Pharyngitis Biomarkers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Adrenomedullin as a New Prosperous Biomarker in Infections: Current and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Protein and transcriptional biomarker profiling may inform treatment strategies in lower respiratory tract infections by indicating bacterial-viral differentiation.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Septic Arthritis of the Knee in Children.Cureus · 2023Review
- The Applicability of a 2-Transcript Signature to Identify Bacterial Infections in Children with Febrile Neutropenia.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Infections in Italy.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Epidemiologic, clinical, and serum markers may improve discrimination between bacterial and viral etiologies of childhood pneumonia.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Relationship Between Invasive Fungal Infection and Hypostatic Pneumonia: A Prospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Differentiating viral from bacterial infections in febrile children is challenging and often leads to an unnecessary use of antibiotics. There is a great need for more accurate diagnostic tools. New molecular methods have improved the particular diagnostics of viral respiratory tract infections, but defining etiology can still be challenging, as certain viruses are frequently detected in asymptomatic children. For the detection of bacterial infections, time consuming cultures with limited sensitivity are still the gold standard. As a response to infection, the immune system elicits a cascade of events, which aims to eliminate the invading pathogen. Recent studies have focused on these host-pathogen interactions to identify pathogen-specific biomarkers (gene expression profiles), or "pathogen signatures", as potential future diagnostic tools. Other studies have assessed combinations of traditional bacterial and viral biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukins, myxovirus resistance protein A, procalcitonin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to establish etiology. In this review we discuss the performance of such novel diagnostics and their potential role in clinical praxis. In conclusion, there are several promising novel biomarkers in the pipeline, but well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the safety of using these novel biomarkers to guide clinical decisions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.