ReviewBiomolecules2021
The Role of TGF-β in Bone Metastases.
Review in Biomolecules, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Cytokines in the Metastasis of Solid Tumors to the Spine: Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Recurrent Cushing's disease due to postoperative seeding of tumor cells in the sphenoid sinus: a case report with review of the literature.Endocrine journal · 2026Review
- Skeletal metastatic burden as a strong prognostic factor of survival in advanced NSCLC treated with chemo-immunotherapy: An exploratory imaging-based analysis.Journal of bone oncology · 2026Article
- From Bone Marrow Reserve to Metastatic Niche: How Neutrophil-Lineage Cells Shape Skeletal Colonization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Feiyanning formula inhibits metastasis and differentiation of osteoclasts by targeting miR-328/NF-κB signaling axis via exosomal HOTAIR in lung cancer cells.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- ASCL2-mediated macrophage-myofibroblast transition generates immunosuppressive CAF_7 in NSCLC bone metastases.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Strategies for Bone Metastasis Immunotherapy: Targeting, Immune Reprogramming and Combination Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- TMEM158-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway modulates the sensitivity of TP53-deficient osteosarcoma to USP14 inhibitors.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Clinical implications of plasma EGFR T790M and ctDNA shedding across metastatic sites in plasma- or tissue-confirmed EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer treated with lazertinib: a prospective multicenter cohort study.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Hematopoietic Niche Hijacking in Bone Metastases: Roles of Megakaryocytes, Erythroid Lineage Cells, and Perivascular Stromal Subsets.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Signalling Pathways and Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Progress.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Colorectal Cancer Progression and Bone Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms, Tumor Microenvironment, and Tumor-Bone Crosstalk.Cancer management and research · 2026Review
- Inhibition of SRC prevents bone metastasis of breast cancer by blocking metastatic cell motility and bone directionality.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Iodine-125 brachytherapy triggers immunogenic cell death and potentiates anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in bone metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibition in bone metastases: lesion response heterogeneity, the osteoimmune niche, and microenvironment-directed therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Analysis of the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment of bone metastases and new strategies of nanotechnology intervention.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a novel prognostic signature for osteosarcoma.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Complications associated with advanced cancer are a major clinical challenge and, if associated with bone metastases, worsen the prognosis and compromise the survival of the patients. Breast and prostate cancer cells exhibit a high propensity to metastasize to bone. The bone microenvironment is unique, providing fertile soil for cancer cell propagation, while mineralized bone matrices store potent growth factors and cytokines. Biologically active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), one of the most abundant growth factors, is released following tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β promotes tumor cell secretion of factors that accelerate bone loss and fuel tumor cells to colonize. Thus, TGF-β is critical for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of tumor growth in bone. Further, TGF-β promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Emerging evidence shows TGF-β suppresses immune responses, enabling opportunistic cancer cells to escape immune checkpoints and promote bone metastases. Blocking TGF-β signaling pathways could disrupt the vicious cycle, revert EMT, and enhance immune response. However, TGF-β's dual role as both tumor suppressor and enhancer presents a significant challenge in developing therapeutics that target TGF-β signaling. This review presents TGF-β's role in cancer progression and bone metastases, while highlighting current perspectives on the therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β pathways.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.