ReviewBrain sciences2021
Words as Visual Objects: Neural and Behavioral Evidence for High-Level Visual Impairments in Dyslexia.
Review in Brain sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shared Neural Computations for Syntactic and Morphological Structures: Evidence From Mandarin Chinese.Cognitive science · 2026Article
- Investigating the Impact of Presentation Format on Reading Ability in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Case Study.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Article
- The perceptual span in dyslexic reading and visual search.Dyslexia (Chichester, England) · 2024Article
- Atypical reliance on monocular visual pathway for face and word recognition in developmental dyslexia.Brain and cognition · 2024Article
- Dyslexics Exhibit an Orthographic, Not a Phonological Deficit in Lexical Decision.Language, cognition and neuroscience · 2024Article
- The Role of Visual Factors in Dyslexia.Journal of cognition · 2023Article
- Shallow or deep? The impact of orthographic depth on visual processing impairments in developmental dyslexia.Annals of dyslexia · 2022Article
- Faces and words are both associated and dissociated as evidenced by visual problems in dyslexia.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is defined by reading impairments that are disproportionate to intelligence, motivation, and the educational opportunities considered necessary for reading. Its cause has traditionally been considered to be a phonological deficit, where people have difficulties with differentiating the sounds of spoken language. However, reading is a multidimensional skill and relies on various cognitive abilities. These may include high-level vision-the processes that support visual recognition despite innumerable image variations, such as in viewpoint, position, or size. According to our high-level visual dysfunction hypothesis, reading problems of some people with dyslexia can be a salient manifestation of a more general deficit of high-level vision. This paper provides a perspective on how such non-phonological impairments could, in some cases, cause dyslexia. To argue in favor of this hypothesis, we will discuss work on functional neuroimaging, structural imaging, electrophysiology, and behavior that provides evidence for a link between high-level visual impairment and dyslexia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.