ArticleScience advances2021
The population prevalence of solitary confinement.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Measuring the effects of alternatives to policing in an American city.Science advances · 2026Review
- Mortality and healthcare services in Pennsylvania state prisons following extreme ambient temperatures.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mental health disorders and risk of solitary confinement among incarcerated individuals: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study from Norway.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- The use of solitary confinement and in-custody mortality in North Carolina State Prisons, 2021-2023.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- The health-related experiences of detained immigrants with and without mental illness.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Self-injury and the embodiment of solitary confinement among adult men in Louisiana prisons.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration.Annual review of public health · 2023Review
- "Like an animal": the well-being of women living in restricted housing units.Health & justice · 2023Article
- Lifetime risk of imprisonment in the United States remains high and starkly unequal.Science advances · 2022Article
- The Impact Of COVID-19 On The Health Of Incarcerated Older Adults In California State Prisons.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2022Article
- Triaged Out of Care: How Carceral Logics Complicate a 'Course of Care' in Solitary Confinement.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The health burdens of segregation for older incarcerated adults.Journal of criminal justiceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Solitary confinement is a severe form of incarceration closely associated with long-lasting psychological harm and poor post-release outcomes. Estimating the population prevalence, we find that 11% of all black men in Pennsylvania, born 1986 to 1989, were incarcerated in solitary confinement by age 32. Reflecting large racial disparities, the population prevalence is only 3.4% for Latinos and 1.4% for white men. About 9% of black men in the state cohort were held in solitary for more than 15 consecutive days, violating the United Nations standards for minimum treatment of incarcerated people. Nearly 1 in 100 black men experienced solitary for a year or longer by age 32. Racial disparities are similar for women, but rates are lower. A decomposition shows that black men’s high risk of solitary confinement stems primarily from their high imprisonment rate. Findings suggest that harsh conditions of U.S. incarceration have population-level effects on black men’s well-being.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.