ReviewEuropean journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)2022
Therapeutic vaccines for breast cancer: Has the time finally come?
Review in European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06471673 (A Study of BRIA-OTS Cellular Immunotherapy in Metastatic Recurrent Breast Cancer), which is not on this map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Study of BRIA-OTS Cellular Immunotherapy in Metastatic Recurrent Breast Cancer
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the efficacy of cancer vaccines in advanced breast cancer.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy: integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with current strategies in combating brain cancer disease.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Advances in Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer: Up-to-date Strategies of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Therapeutic Vaccines.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- HER-2 therapeutic vaccine is not hampered by concurrent HER-2 monoclonal antibody.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Overcoming impaired antigen presentation in tumor-draining lymph nodes facilitates immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Advances and Strategies in Enhancing mRNA Cancer Vaccines.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Overcoming impaired antigen presentation in tumor draining lymph nodes facilitates immunotherapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Breaking barriers: Smart vaccine platforms for cancer immunomodulation.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Review
- HLA class II-restricted T cell epitopes in public neoantigens of ESR1 and PIK3CA in breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Liquid biopsy for guiding breast cancer immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Advances in Cancer Vaccines for Digestive System Cancers: A Systematic Analysis of Clinical Trials.Cancer management and research · 2025Review
- Recent Advancements in Breast Cancer Therapies and Biomarkers: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Latest Therapeutical Approaches for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: From Preclinical to Clinical Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- High NTRK2 protein expression levels may be associated with poorer prognosis of breast cancer patients.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Emerging treatments in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer: Keep raising the bar.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Review
- The role of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters in breast cancer: Evaluating prognosis, predicting immunity, and guiding treatment.Channels (Austin, Tex.) · 2023Article
- Designing a novel SOX9 based multi-epitope vaccine to combat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer using immunoinformatics approach.Molecular diversity · 2023Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors promising role in cancer therapy: clinical evidence and immune-related adverse events.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ability to exploit the immune system as a weapon against cancer has revolutionised the treatment of cancer patients, especially through immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, ICIs demonstrated a modest benefit in treating breast cancer (BC), with the exception of certain subsets of triple-negative BCs. An immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), typically present in BC, is an important factor in the poor response to immunotherapy. After almost two decades of poor clinical trial results, cancer vaccines (CVs), an active immunotherapy, have come back in the spotlight because of some technological advancements, ultimately boosted by coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In particular, neoantigens are emerging as the preferred targets for CVs, with gene-based and viral vector-based platforms in development. Moreover, lipid nanoparticles proved to be immunogenic and efficient delivery vehicles. Past clinical trials investigating CVs focused especially on the metastatic disease, where the TME is more likely compromised by inhibitory mechanisms. In this sense, favouring the use of CVs as monotherapy in premalignant or in the adjuvant setting and establishing combination treatments (i.e. CV plus ICI) in late-stage disease are promising strategies. This review provides a full overview of the past and current breast cancer vaccine landscape.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.