Trial reportSocial science & medicine (1982)2022
Nudges for COVID-19 voluntary vaccination: How to explain peer information?
Trial report in Social science & medicine (1982), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Communication-based interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine willingness and uptake: a systematic review with meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Do peer-based education interventions effectively improve vaccination acceptance? a systematic review.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- When do persuasive messages on vaccine safety steer COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and recommendations? Behavioural insights from a randomised controlled experiment in Malaysia.BMJ global health · 2022Trial
- Effects of information on acceptance of the final disposal of soils removed after the Fukushima accident and negative emotional responses to it.Journal of radiation research · 2026Article
- Side messages, side effects: Justifying infection prevention but fuelling social polarisation.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- [Enlightenment through official vaccination communication: an experimental study comparing evidence-based fact boxes with nudges and advertising].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- Behavioral nudges in social media ads show limited ability to encourage COVID-19 vaccination across countries.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Mortality risk information and health-seeking behavior during an epidemic.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Message Effectiveness of Fear Appeals in Vaccination Communication Campaigns: A Systematic Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Surname order and revaccination intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults in South Africa: multimethod evidence from a population-based longitudinal study.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Gender Differences of the Effect of Vaccination on Perceptions of COVID-19 and Mental Health in Japan.Vaccines · 2023Article
- A cross-national study of multilevel determinants on public fully vaccination against COVID-19.Health & place · 2023Article
- Message testing in India for COVID-19 vaccine uptake: What appeal and what messenger are most persuasive?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and short-term and long-term intentions among unvaccinated young adults: a mixed-method approach.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Multilevel determinants on COVID-19 booster intention among Americans.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Vaccination nudges: A study of pre-booked COVID-19 vaccinations in Sweden.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- An (un)healthy social dilemma: a normative messaging field experiment with flu vaccinations.Health economics review · 2022Article
- The influence of social norms varies with "others" groups: Evidence from COVID-19 vaccination intentions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination promotion is a crucial strategy to end the COVID-19 pandemic; however, individual autonomy should also be respected. This study aimed to discover other-regarding information nudges that can reinforce people's intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine without impeding their autonomous decision-making. In March 2021, we conducted an online experiment with 1595 people living throughout Japan, and randomly assigned them either of one control group and three treatment groups that received messages differently describing peer information: control, comparison, influence-gain, and influence-loss. We compared each message's effects on vaccination intention, autonomous decision-making, and emotional response. We found that the influence-gain nudge was effective in increasing the number of older adults who newly decided to receive the vaccine. The comparison and influence-loss nudges further reinforced the intention of older adults who had already planned to receive it. However, the influence-loss nudge, which conveys similar information to the influence-gain nudge but with loss-framing, increased viewers' negative emotion. These messages had no promoting effect for young adults with lower vaccination intentions at baseline. Based on the findings, we propose governments should use different messages depending on their purposes and targets, such as comparison instead of influence-loss, to encourage voluntary vaccination behavior.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.