ReviewToxins2021
Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety Outcomes.Pain research & management · 2026Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin effects on biochemical biomarkers related to inflammation-associated head and neck chronic conditions: a systematic review of clinical research.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Pooled it
- OnabotulinumtoxinA in Resistant Depression: A Randomized Trial Comparing Two Facial Injection Sites (OnaDEP Study).Depression and anxiety · 2024Trial
- Nanotechnology in Pediatric Neurology: Applications and Innovations.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- The complement C3-microglial axis in depression of Parkinson's disease: from mechanism to therapeutic intervention.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Role of Microbial Toxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights and Future Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Unusual brain MRI findings in botulism: a case report of brainstem DWI restriction and pathophysiological implications.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Shape-conformal porous frameworks for full coverage of neural organoids and high-resolution electrophysiology.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Article
- Anatomical Mapping of the Masseter for Safe Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Cadaveric Study.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Article
- Botulinum toxin modulates the blink reflex via the trigeminal afferent system in hemifacial spasm: an early and late-term effect.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Botulinum Toxin Type A Exerts Direct Trans-Synaptic Action at Bilateral Spinal Nociceptive Circuits.Toxins · 2025Article
- The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies on restless legs syndrome in patients with migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Architecture and Mechanistic Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Exploring New and Potential Indications for Botulinum Toxin Treatment: An Updated Literature Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where, by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACh), they functionally denervate muscles and alter muscle tone. This leads them to be an excellent drug for the therapy of muscle hyperactivity disorders, such as dystonia, spasticity, and many other movement disorders. BoNTs are also effective in inhibiting both the release of ACh at sites other than NMJ and the release of neurotransmitters other than ACh. Furthermore, much evidence shows that BoNTs can act not only on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also on the central nervous system (CNS). Under this view, central changes may result either from sensory input from the PNS, from retrograde transport of BoNTs, or from direct injection of BoNTs into the CNS. The aim of this review is to give an update on available data, both from animal models or human studies, which suggest or confirm central alterations induced by peripheral or central BoNTs treatment. The data will be discussed with particular attention to the possible therapeutic applications to pathological conditions and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.