ArticleMetabolites2021
Sex-Specific Causal Relations between Steroid Hormones and Obesity-A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Metabolites, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The causal relationship between steroid hormones and risk of stroke: evidence from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Molecular brain · 2025Pooled it
- Association of female reproductive traits with altered aging trajectories: Insights from genetic and observational analyses.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Observational
- Persistent organic pollutants and endogenous sex-related hormones in Hispanic/Latino adults: The Hispanic Community health study/study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).Environmental research · 2025Article
- Integrated analysis of bioinformatics, mendelian randomization, and experimental validation reveals novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis: progesterone as a potential therapeutic agent.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Chronic Low Back Pain Causal Risk Factors Identified by Mendelian Randomization: a Cross-Sectional Cohort Analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Longitudinal assessment of classic and 11-oxygenated androgen concentrations and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Tromsø study.Acta diabetologica · 2024Article
- Causal Relationship Between Sleep Traits and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Gland Axis Function: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Nature and science of sleep · 2024Article
- Association of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin with liver fat in men and women: an observational and Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Observational
- Unraveling the Mechanism of Immunity and Inflammation Related to Molecular Signatures Crosstalk Among Obesity, T2D, and AD: Insights From Bioinformatics Approaches.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2023Article
- Roles of sex hormones in mediating the causal effect of vitamin D on osteoporosis: A two-step Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Genetic variation reveals the influence of steroid hormones on the risk of retinal neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Steroid hormones act as important regulators of physiological processes including gene expression. They provide possible mechanistic explanations of observed sex-dimorphisms in obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD). Here, we aim to unravel causal relationships between steroid hormones, obesity, and CAD in a sex-specific manner. In genome-wide meta-analyses of four steroid hormone levels and one hormone ratio, we identified 17 genome-wide significant loci of which 11 were novel. Among loci, seven were female-specific, four male-specific, and one was sex-related (stronger effects in females). As one of the loci was the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, we analyzed HLA allele counts and found four HLA subtypes linked to 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP), including HLA-B*14*02. Using Mendelian randomization approaches with four additional hormones as exposure, we detected causal effects of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and 17-OHP on body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The DHEA-S effect was stronger in males. Additionally, we observed the causal effects of testosterone, estradiol, and their ratio on WHR. By mediation analysis, we found a direct sex-unspecific effect of 17-OHP on CAD while the other four hormone effects on CAD were mediated by BMI or WHR. In conclusion, we identified the sex-specific causal networks of steroid hormones, obesity-related traits, and CAD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.