ReviewMolecular biology reports2022
Codon usage bias.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 330 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
330 citing papers in PubMed, 558 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plastome architecture and maternal relationships of cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) and its wild relatives.Planta · 2026Article
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- Assembly and Characterization of the First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Tussilago farfara L.: Insights into Biological Functions and Phylogenetic Relationships within the Asteraceae Family.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
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- Mutation Pressure and Gene-Specific Selection Shape Codon Usage Bias in the Chloroplast Genomes ofEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Synonymous codon-optimized multiplex qPCR for simultaneous detection ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- What has population genomics told us about the dynamics of selection and plant adaptation?Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Review
- Emergence Biases in Molecular Evolution.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Review
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- Increased or decreased numbers of CpG dinucleotide motifs in the genome of influenza A virus do not affectJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Mitochondrial Genomes and Phylogenetic Analysis of Three Species of Littorinimorpha Snails.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- From Codons to Protein Structure: Evolutionary Constraints of Mitochondrial Proteins in Corvides.Biology · 2026Article
- Evolution and functional characterization of the MdSKP8 gene as a conserved hub integrating hormone and antioxidant pathways for salt tolerance in apple.Plant cell reports · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of the complete multi-chromosomal mitogenome of an antitussive herb Fritillaria unibracteata.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors and Their Drought-Responsive Expression inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Comparative plastome analyses of Lewinskya (Orthotrichaceae): insights into genome structure, molecular evolution, and phylogenetic relationships.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered plant Fraxinus mandshurica.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative genomics and metabolic model analysis of primary and secondary endosymbionts present in different species of whitefly.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2026Article
- Plastome Evolution and Codon Usage Dynamics inEcology and evolution · 2026Article
270 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Codon usage bias is the preferential or non-random use of synonymous codons, a ubiquitous phenomenon observed in bacteria, plants and animals. Different species have consistent and characteristic codon biases. Codon bias varies not only with species, family or group within kingdom, but also between the genes within an organism. Codon usage bias has evolved through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift in various organisms. Genome composition, GC content, expression level and length of genes, position and context of codons in the genes, recombination rates, mRNA folding, and tRNA abundance and interactions are some factors influencing codon bias. The factors shaping codon bias may also be involved in evolution of the universal genetic code. Codon-usage bias is critical factor determining gene expression and cellular function by influencing diverse processes such as RNA processing, protein translation and protein folding. Codon usage bias reflects the origin, mutation patterns and evolution of the species or genes. Investigations of codon bias patterns in genomes can reveal phylogenetic relationships between organisms, horizontal gene transfers, molecular evolution of genes and identify selective forces that drive their evolution. Most important application of codon bias analysis is in the design of transgenes, to increase gene expression levels through codon optimization, for development of transgenic crops. The review gives an overview of deviations of genetic code, factors influencing codon usage or bias, codon usage bias of nuclear and organellar genes, computational methods to determine codon usage and the significance as well as applications of codon usage analysis in biological research, with emphasis on plants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.