ArticleEJIFCC2021
A Combined Analysis of Serum Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Cancer Antigen 15-3 Enhances the Diagnostic Efficiency in Breast Cancer.
Article in EJIFCC, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growth differentiation factor 15: from stress response to clinical utility in chronic liver diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Interplay of IL-6, GDF-15 and Sarcopenia in Patients With Bladder Cancer Undergoing Radical Cystectomy and Its Implications on Survival.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Prognostic value of CA15-3, CA125, CEA in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2025Article
- Calumenin, A Calcium-Binding Modulatory Protein, Effective in Pathological Calcifications and Cancers, With Therapeutic Application Promise.FASEB bioAdvances · 2025Review
- Integrated bioinformatics reveals genetic links between visceral obesity and uterine tumors.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2024Article
- Analyzing the Association of Visceral Adipose Tissue Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and MicroRNA in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2023Article
- Construction of Aptamer-Based Nanobiosensor for Breast Cancer Biomarkers Detection Utilizing g-CBiosensors · 2022Article
- Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype.Cancer letters · 2022Review
- FOXM1 mediates GDF-15 dependent stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionExisting diagnostic biomarkers of breast cancer (BC) are limited by poor sensitivity. In this study, we evaluated the role of serum GDF-15 in early BC diagnosis, independently and in combination with CA15-3, a known blood biomarker of BC. MATERIAL AND
methodsA total of 113 diagnosed, pre-therapy BC patients and 54 healthy controls were recruited. Clinical characteristics, TNM staging, and hormone receptor status of the patients were recorded. Serum GDF-15 and serum CA15-3 were measured by sandwich ELISA and chemiluminescence assay, respectively.
resultsThe serum GDF-15 levels were significantly (p<0.001) elevated in BC patients compared to healthy controls and in patients with larger tumor size, advanced disease stage, and distant metastasis. ROC analysis revealed that at the cut-off of 525.77 pg/mL, GDF-15 had greater sensitivity than CA15-3. GDF-15 and CA15-3 performed better in combination than individually, with the combined test having an AUC of 0.85 and sensitivity and specificity of 0.63 and 0.98, respectively.Further, serum GDF-15 had a better predictive ability for early-stage BC compared to CA15-3. GDF-15 could independently diagnose BC patients after adjusting for age.
conclusionWe conclude that serum GDF-15 is a promising, robust marker for detecting early-stage BC. However, larger prospective studies are necessary to validate this claim.
Indexed as
Identifiers
34819825PMC8592631W3216994214What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.