ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021
Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Association between proton pump inhibitor use and upper gastrointestinal cancer: A matched case-control study accounting for reverse causation and confounding by indication.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Humoral response dynamics following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and their association with subsequent infection and symptoms in individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from Sichuan Province, China.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- A modular mRNA vaccine platform encoding antigen-presenting capsid virus-like particles enhances the immunogenicity of the malaria antigen Pfs25.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
- An RBD-Fc mucosal vaccine provides variant-proof protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and hamsters.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Joint analysis of time-varying effect of vaccine and antiviral drug for preventing severe complications and mortality.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of clinically significant migraine in Israel: a retrospective database study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Anti-Tetanus Vaccination Is Associated with Reduced Occurrence and Slower Progression of Parkinson's Disease-A Retrospective Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Humoral waning kinetics against SARS-CoV-2 is dictated by disease severity and vaccine platform.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- Impacts of COVID-19 vaccine boosters on clinical outcomes associated with the Omicron variant in China: A cross-sectional survey.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Review
- How effective is the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection? A national programme analysis in Monaco, July 2021 to September 2022.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccines and COVID-19 in People Living with HIV.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a test-negative case-control study with additional population controls in Norway.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.Journal of the American Statistical Association · 2024Article
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Update of
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo determine whether time elapsed since the second injection of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was significantly associated with the risk of covid-19 infection after vaccination in people who received two vaccine injections.
designTest negative design study.
settingElectronic health records of a large state mandated healthcare organisation, Israel.
participantsAdults aged ≥18 years who had received a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test between 15 May 2021 and 17 September 2021, at least three weeks after their second vaccine injection, had not received a third vaccine injection, and had no history of covid-19 infection.
main outcome measuresPositive result for the RT-PCR test. Individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were matched for week of testing, age category, and demographic group (ultra-orthodox Jews, individuals of Arab ancestry, and the general population). Conditional logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and comorbid conditions.
results83 057 adults received an RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period and 9.6% had a positive result. Time elapsed since the vaccine injection was significantly longer in individuals who tested positive (P<0.001). Adjusted odds ratio for infection at time intervals >90 days since vaccination were significantly increased compared with the reference of <90 days: 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.67 to 3.36) for 90-119 days, 2.66 (1.94 to 3.66) for 120-149 days, 2.82 (2.07 to 3.84) for 150-179 days, and 2.82 (2.07 to 3.85) for ≥180 days (P<0.001 for each 30 day interval).
conclusionsIn this large population of adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR after two doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine, a gradual increase in the risk of infection was seen for individuals who received their second vaccine dose after at least 90 days.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.