ArticleNature communications2021
Programmable microbial ink for 3D printing of living materials produced from genetically engineered protein nanofibers.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Challenges and Future Directives of Synthetic Biology in Engineering Plant-Microbe Partnerships for Sustainable Agriculture.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Review
- De Novo Autogenic Engineered Living Functional Materials.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- A programmable fungal platform for engineered living textiles.Science advances · 2026Article
- Strategies and Technologies for Comprehensive Characterization of Hydrogel-Based Materials in the Biomedical Field.Polymers · 2026Review
- Programmable cell-cell adhesion in synthetic yeast communities for improved bioproduction.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Light-based 3D printing of mechanoluminescent living gels loaded with dinoflagellates.Science advances · 2026Article
- A sustained living coating for infectious keratitis therapy via probiotic consumption and production effects.Science advances · 2026Article
- Recent advances in 3D printing for biochemical and environmental analysis.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Review
- Advances in 3D Bioprinting: Materials, Processes, and Emerging Applications.Micromachines · 2026Review
- Laser-assisted microbial culturomics.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Designing the Next Generation of Biomaterials through Nanoengineering.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Genetic and bioactive functionalization of bioinks for 3D bioprinting.Bioprocess and biosystems engineering · 2025Review
- Review
- Bacterial Species in Engineered Living Materials: Strategies and Future Directions.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Amyloid Fibrils and Their Applications: Current Status and Latest Developments.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Modulating Microbial Materials - Engineering Bacterial Cellulose with Synthetic Biology.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Review
- Yielding behaviour of chemically treatedBiofilm · 2024Article
- Mechanically Tunable, Compostable, Healable and Scalable Engineered Living Materials.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Advanced tumor organoid bioprinting strategy for oncology research.Materials today. Bio · 2024Review
- Bioinks and biofabrication techniques for biosensors development: A review.Materials today. Bio · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Living cells have the capability to synthesize molecular components and precisely assemble them from the nanoscale to build macroscopic living functional architectures under ambient conditions. The emerging field of living materials has leveraged microbial engineering to produce materials for various applications but building 3D structures in arbitrary patterns and shapes has been a major challenge. Here we set out to develop a bioink, termed as "microbial ink" that is produced entirely from genetically engineered microbial cells, programmed to perform a bottom-up, hierarchical self-assembly of protein monomers into nanofibers, and further into nanofiber networks that comprise extrudable hydrogels. We further demonstrate the 3D printing of functional living materials by embedding programmed Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells and nanofibers into microbial ink, which can sequester toxic moieties, release biologics, and regulate its own cell growth through the chemical induction of rationally designed genetic circuits. In this work, we present the advanced capabilities of nanobiotechnology and living materials technology to 3D-print functional living architectures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.