Trial reportDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2021
Early visual training and environmental adaptation for infants with visual impairment.
Trial report in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06067607 (Examining the Effect of Eye Gaze Technology on Children With Cortical Visual Impairment and Its Impact on Occupational Performance), which is not on this map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Examining the Effect of Eye Gaze Technology on Children With Cortical Visual Impairment and Its Impact on Occupational Performance
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exercise and visual training interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review with a focus on near-far accommodation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Identifying and addressing gaps in recognition of cerebral/cortical visual impairment risk in the NICU.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Article
- A combined PBL and flipped classroom intervention enhances self-directed learning ability and empathy in ophthalmology undergraduates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Generative Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Saliency Analysis of Eye Tracking in Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment (SET-CVI).Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Clinical Ophthalmology Consultations in Paediatric Inpatient Rehabilitation-A Retrospective Case-Note Analysis.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) overlooked: A retrospective review of missed opportunities to diagnose CVI.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- A Multidimensional and Integrated Rehabilitation Approach (A.M.I.R.A.) for Infants at Risk of Cerebral Palsy and Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health education interventions for individuals with visual or hearing impairment: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Natural history of cerebral visual impairment in children with cerebral palsy.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2025Article
- Griffiths Scales of Child Development 3rd Edition: normalization for the Brazilian population.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Special Commentary: Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment Working Definition: A Report from the National Institutes of Health CVI Workshop.Ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Early Developmental Intervention and Enriched Environment in CDKL5 Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy: A Case Report.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2024Article
- Parental Satisfaction with the Quality of Care in an Early Intervention Service for Children with Visual Impairment: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Impact of the Test Dissociation on the Binocular Balance of Children.Clinics and practice · 2023Article
- Oculocutaneous albinism: the neurological, behavioral, and neuro-ophthalmological perspective.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- A Scoping Review of Intervention for Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment: Calling All Pediatric Occupational Therapists.Occupational therapy in health care · 2023Article
- Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography Significance in Managing Early Onset of Optic Pathway Gliomas in Children Younger than 5 Years of Age-A Retrospective Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Visual Function and Neuropsychological Profile in Children with Cerebral Visual Impairment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo evaluate the effectiveness of early visual training and environmental adaptation on visual function and neurological development in infants with visual impairment.
methodThis was a pilot intervention clinical trial study. Thirty infants (mean age 5.9mo, SD 2.1mo, range 4-11mo; 16 males, 14 females) with peripheral visual impairment (PVI, n=15) or cerebral visual impairment (CVI, n=15) participated in a 6-month visual intervention programme. Thirty matched infants (mean age 6mo, SD 1.4mo, range 4-9mo; 18 males, 12 females) served as a comparison group. Primary outcome measures were visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and qualitative ocular motor functions. Secondary outcomes were scores on the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS).
resultsThe treatment group showed a significant improvement in all the primary outcomes (p<0.01). The comparison group improved only in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (p<0.01). The treatment group showed greater improvement than the comparison group in visual fixation (p=0.033) and smooth pursuit (p<0.01). The CVI subgroup showed greater improvement in visual acuity than the PVI subgroup (p<0.01). GMDS subscales of hand-eye coordination (p=0.01) and performance (p<0.01) increased in the treatment group, while the total score of the comparison group decreased, driven by language (p=0.039) and hand-eye coordination (p=0.025) subscales.
interpretationResults suggest that, in infants with visual impairment, visual function and certain developmental outcomes improve in response to early visual training and environmental adaptation, in an interactive context. What this paper adds Early visual training and environmental adaptation are associated with enhanced visual acuity and smooth pursuit. Early visual training and environmental adaptation are associated with an improvement of neurological developmental outcome. Performance, hand-eye coordination, and language scores in Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales increase after visual training. After training, visual acuity improves more in infants with cerebral rather than anterior visual impairment. Type and complexity of visual impairment contribute to determine infants' response to training.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.