ArticleIEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions2021
Blockchain-Based Solution for Distribution and Delivery of COVID-19 Vaccines.
Article in IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Current application of blockchain technology in healthcare and its potential roles in Urology.BJU international · 2025Pooled it
- Smart Contracts and Shared Platforms in Sustainable Health Care: Systematic Review.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Pooled it
- Data Provenance in Healthcare: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Privacy-preserving vaccine supply chain management leveraging blockchain and self-sovereign identity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Corruption risks in COVID-19 vaccine deployment: lessons learned for future pandemic preparedness.Globalization and health · 2025Article
- Blockchain-based trusted traceability and sustainability certification of leather products.PloS one · 2025Article
- Immediate adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in drive-through COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccines using novel blockchain-basedExpert systems with applications · 2023Article
- Blockchain and COVID-19 pandemic: applications and challenges.Cluster computing · 2023Review
- Applications of Social Media and Digital Technologies in COVID-19 Vaccination: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Vaccine supply chain management: An intelligent system utilizing blockchain, IoT and machine learning.Journal of business research · 2023Article
- A reliable vaccine tracking and monitoring system for health clinics using blockchain.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Improving the distribution of covid-19 vaccines using the blockchain technology: the Italian case study.Procedia computer science · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and future pandemics: A blockchain-based privacy-aware secure borderless travel solution from electronic health records.Software: practice & experience · 2022Article
- The application of industry 4.0 technologies in pandemic management: Literature review and case study.Healthcare analytics (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Blockchain as an enabling technology in the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.Health and technology · 2021Article
- Case studies about smart contracts in healthcare.Digital healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Distribution and delivery of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have become challenging after their emergence. Today's platforms and systems leveraged for managing data related to COVID-19 vaccines' distribution and delivery fall short in providing transparency, trackability and traceability, immutability, audit, and trust features. Also, they are vulnerable to the single point of failure problem due to centralization. Such limitations hindering the safe, secure, transparent, trustworthy, and reliable distribution and delivery process of COVID-19 vaccines. In this paper, we propose an Ethereum blockchain-based solution for managing data related to COVID-19 vaccines' distribution and delivery. We develop smart contracts to automate the traceability of COVID-19 vaccines while ensuring data provenance, transparency, security, and accountability. We integrate the Ethereum blockchain with off-chain storage to manage non-critical and large-sized data. We present algorithms and discuss their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We evaluate the proposed solution by performing cost and security analysis as well as comparing it with the existing non-blockchain and blockchain-based solutions. Performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed solution is low-cost, and our smart contracts are secure enough against possible attacks and vulnerabilities. The smart contracts code along with testing scripts is made publicly available.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.