Observational studyScientific reports2021
Association of tear fluid amyloid and tau levels with disease severity and neurodegeneration.
Observational study in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tear Biomarkers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, and Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Diagnosis (Systematic Review).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Canine Tear Proteomics: A New Frontier in Veterinary Ophthalmology.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Exploring Alzheimer Disease from a Retinal and Ocular Perspective.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Association of tear fluid glutathione synthetase and glutathione levels with amyloid positivity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comprehensive profiling of the human tear fluid miRNome using small RNA sequencing.The ocular surface · 2026Article
- Altered tear fluid protein expression in persons with mild cognitive impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- HCG18 is a Potential Pathogenic Factor and Diagnostic Biomarker Alzheimer's Disease.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- AI-driven biomarker learning for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: ABLEDx.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Salivary Gland Uptake onBrain and behavior · 2026Article
- Tear fluid proteomics: a comparative study of DIA and DDA mass spectrometry.Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab · 2025Article
- An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Tear Fluid miRNAs in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Tear fluid reflects the altered protein expressions of Alzheimer's disease patients in proteins involved in protein repair and clearance system or the regulation of cytoskeleton.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Review
- Elevated Neurodegeneration Markers in the Aqueous Humor of Primary Open Angle and Normal Tension Glaucoma Patients Correlate With Disease Severity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Identification and validation of a tear fluid-derived protein biomarker signature in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- High throughput tear proteomics with data independent acquisition enables biomarker discovery in allergic conditions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Visual Function in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Understanding and Potential Mechanisms Behind Visual Impairment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The ocular surface tear film as a biomarker for systemic health.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- Neuroinflammation Markers in Tear Fluid of Mild Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in finding non-invasive biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This observational study investigated AD-specific biomarkers in tear fluid. Tear fluid was collected from a total of 65 subjects, including 23 patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 22 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 11 dementia patients and 9 healthy controls (HC). Levels of amyloid-beta peptides (AB38, AB40, AB42), total-tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) were determined using multiplex immunoassays. Levels of AB40 and t-tau were detectable in the vast majority (> 94%) of tear fluid samples. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was available from a subset of patients. In this group, tear t-tau levels were significantly higher in people with dementia compared to SCD patients. Tear t-tau levels were elevated in patients with neurodegeneration (classified according to the A/T/N system) compared to patients without neurodegeneration. Negative correlations were found between CSF AB42 and CSF t-tau, and between CSF AB42 and tear t-tau. In summary, this study shows the potential of tau proteins in tear fluid to be associated with disease severity and neurodegeneration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.