ArticleScientific reports2021
Closed-loop wearable naloxone injector system.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- A wearable acoustofluidic patch for rapid reversal of opioid overdose.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Fentanyl-Responsive Microneedle Patch for Harm Reduction.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Utilization and Feasibility of a Wearable Device in Patients With Sedative Effects of Drugs: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study for the Advanced Respiratory Monitoring Events in Drug Toxicity (ARM-ED) Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Observational
- Feasibility and Form Factor Validation of Reflective Shoulder-Mounted Pulse Oximeter in Patients with Suspected Sleep Apnea.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Wearable and Connected Technology for Allergy: Real-Time Monitoring and Predictive Management for Personalized Care.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2025Review
- Use of a Shoulder-Mounted Wearable Sensor Prototype Designed to Detect Opioid-Related Overdose: A Qualitative User Experience Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Fentanyl-Antibody Interaction as a Novel Strategy against Opiates and Opioids Abuse.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- A qualitative study of benzodiazepine/z-drug and opioid co-use patterns and overdose risk.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- A systematic review of macro-, meso, and micro-level harm reduction interventions addressing the U.S. opioid overdose epidemic.Drugs (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Leveraging Trauma Informed Care for Digital Health Intervention Development in Opioid Use Disorder.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2025Review
- An autonomous implantable device for the prevention of death from opioid overdose.Science advances · 2024Article
- An implantable system for opioid safety.Device · 2024Article
- An Autonomous Implantable Device for the Prevention of Death from Opioid Overdose.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A Wearable Device Towards Automatic Detection and Treatment of Opioid Overdose.IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems · 2024Article
- A Radar-Based Opioid Overdose Detection Device for Public Restrooms: Design, Development, and Evaluation Study.JMIR biomedical engineering · 2023Article
- Opioid Overdose Detection in a Murine Model Using a Custom-Designed Photoplethysmography Device.Ingenierie et recherche biomedicale : IRBM = Biomedical engineering and research · 2023Article
- Overdose Alert and Response Technologies: State-of-the-art Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Review
- Digital Biomarker Applications Across the Spectrum of Opioid Use Disorder.Cogent mental health · 2023Article
- Perceptions on wearable sensor-based interventions for monitoring of opioid therapy: A qualitative study.Frontiers in digital health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Overdoses from non-medical use of opioids can lead to hypoxemic/hypercarbic respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death when left untreated. Opioid toxicity is readily reversed with naloxone, a competitive antagonist that can restore respiration. However, there remains a critical need for technologies to administer naloxone in the event of unwitnessed overdose events. We report a closed-loop wearable injector system that measures respiration and apneic motion associated with an opioid overdose event using a pair of on-body accelerometers, and administers naloxone subcutaneously upon detection of an apnea. Our proof-of-concept system has been evaluated in two environments: (i) an approved supervised injection facility (SIF) where people self-inject opioids under medical supervision and (ii) a hospital environment where we simulate opioid-induced apneas in healthy participants. In the SIF (n = 25), our system identified breathing rate and post-injection respiratory depression accurately when compared to a respiratory belt. In the hospital, our algorithm identified simulated apneic events and successfully injected participants with 1.2 mg of naloxone. Naloxone delivery was verified by intravenous blood draw post-injection for all participants. A closed-loop naloxone injector system has the potential to complement existing evidence-based harm reduction strategies and, in the absence of bystanders, help make opioid toxicity events functionally witnessed and in turn more likely to be successfully resuscitated.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.