ReviewInnate immunity2021
TLRs in COVID-19: How they drive immunopathology and the rationale for modulation.
Review in Innate immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Association of Toll-like Receptor 8 Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Case Status in a Korean Population.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The role of soluble toll-like receptor-2 and 4 in children with pneumonia: a combined analysis of saliva and serum samples.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- From Pandemic to Practice: How COVID-19 Has Reshaped Haemostasis in Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Anti-CD14 treatment in patients with severe COVID-19: Clinical and biological effects in a Phase 2 randomized open-label adaptive platform clinical trial.CHEST critical care · 2025Article
- Toll-Like Receptor Dysregulation in The Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Article
- Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Demonstrate Distinct Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Concentrations in vivo and TLR-Mediated Cytokine and Chemokine Production in Whole Blood in vitro.Journal of innate immunity · 2025Article
- Toll-like receptor activation induces airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Variants rs3804099 and rs3804100 in theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Rare host variants in ciliary expressed genes contribute to COVID-19 severity in Bulgarian patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Deterioration of neuroimmune homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease patients who survive a COVID-19 infection.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Review
- Developmental Impacts of Epigenetics and Metabolism in COVID-19.Journal of developmental biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Review
- Immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); molecular approaches.Molecular immunology · 2023Review
- COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Roles of ACE2 and Toll-like Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Alterations in the Expression of IFN Lambda, IFN Gamma and Toll-like Receptors in Severe COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 is both a viral illness and a disease of immunopathology. Proximal events within the innate immune system drive the balance between deleterious inflammation and viral clearance. We hypothesize that a divergence between the generation of excessive inflammation through over activation of the TLR associated myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD88) pathway relative to the TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) pathway plays a key role in COVID-19 severity. Both viral elements and damage associated host molecules act as TLR ligands in this process. In this review, we detail the mechanism for this imbalance in COVID-19 based on available evidence, and we discuss how modulation of critical elements may be important in reducing severity of disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.