Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34805071›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health

Applying the Hierarchy of Controls: What Occupational Safety Can Teach us About Safely Navigating the Next Phase of the Global COVID-19 Pandemic.

Neil J Sehgal, Donald K Milton

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
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  4. Adaptation of anMethodsX · 2025
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  5. Article
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  7. Article
  8. Article
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  12. Lessons Learned from In-Person Conferences in the Times of COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
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  17. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Neil J SehgalDepartment of Health Policy and Management, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States.
Donald K MiltonMaryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Eighteen months into the COVID-19 pandemic, and as the world struggles with global vaccine equity, emerging variants, and the reality that eradication is years away at soonest, we add to notion of "layered defenses" proposing a conceptual model for better understanding the differential applicability and effectiveness of precautions against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The prevailing adaptation of Reason's Swiss cheese model conceives of all defensive layers as equally protective, when in reality some are more effective than others. Adapting the hierarchy of controls framework from occupational safety provides a better framework for understanding the relative benefit of different hazard control strategies to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Indexed as

COVID-19Occupational HealthHumansPandemicsSafety ManagementSARS-CoV-2COVID-19hierarchy of controlslayered defenseslayered preventionPPESARS-CoV-2transmission

Identifiers

PMID34805071
PMCPMC8602064

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.