ReviewCureus2021
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Blockade and Multiple Sclerosis: Exploring New Avenues.
Review in Cureus, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-TNF-Alpha Associated Central Nervous System Demyelination. Drug-Induced Demyelination or Multiple Sclerosis Trigger? A Case Series.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Inflame and restrain - the paradoxical roles of IL-12 and IL-23 in immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of Anti-CD20 Therapies on Cytokine, Chemokine and Adhesion Molecule Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- The importance of TNF-α signaling: a potential risk factor in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- Immune Activation Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Review Focused on Inflammatory Changes in the Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Central nervous system demyelination associated with biological agents used in the treatment of rheumatologic diseases: a retrospective cohort study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Glial Cytokine and Metabolic Networks in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Acetyl 11-Keto Beta-Boswellic Acid Improves Neurological Functions in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.Inflammation · 2025Article
- The Beneficial Effects of Berberine on Brain Functions in Age-Related Neurological Disorders: From Molecular Signaling to Treatment.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- The Role of TNF-α in Neuropathic Pain: An Immunotherapeutic Perspective.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Exploring TNFR1: from discovery to targeted therapy development.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Familial prevalence of psoriasis in patients with multiple sclerosis - results from an Australian survey.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical implications for the association of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis: an observational study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Observational
- Review
- Neurological Side Effects of TNF-α Inhibitors Revisited: A Review of Case Reports.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- The contribution of tumor necrosis factor to multiple sclerosis: a possible role in progression independent of relapse?Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Cytokines, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, and PlGF in Autoimmunity: Insights From Rheumatoid Arthritis to Multiple Sclerosis.Immune network · 2024Review
- The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology.Molecular brain · 2024Review
- Multiple sclerosis in a patient with Takayasu's Arteritis: A case report.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2024Article
- TNF and TNF receptors as therapeutic targets for rheumatic diseases and beyond.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a progressive neurodegenerative pattern. It is characterized by demyelination of white matter in CNS and apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is a major cytokine in the pathogenesis of MS. However, the failure of TNF alpha inhibitors in preclinical and clinical trials disapproved of their use in MS patients. Nevertheless, failures and misses sometimes open avenues for new hits. In the later years, it was discovered that TNF signaling is mediated via two different receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, both of which have paradoxical effects. TNFR1 mediates demyelination and apoptosis, while TNFR2 promotes remyelination and neuroprotection. This explained the cause of the failure of non-selective TNF alpha-blockers in MS. It also enlightened researchers that repurposing the previously formulated non-selective TNF alpha-blockers using a receptor-selective approach could lead to discovering novel biologic agents with a broader spectrum of indications and better safety profiles. This review focuses on a novel premier TNFR1 blocker, atrosab, which has been tested in animal models of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), where it demonstrated a reduction in symptom severity. The early promise shown by atrosab in preclinical studies has given us hope to find another revolutionary drug for MS in the future. Clinical trials, which will finally decide whether this drug can be used as a better therapeutic agent for MS or not, are still going on, but currently, there is no approved evidence regarding efficacy of these agents in treating MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.