ReviewFrontiers in immunology
Implication of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Escape Spike Variants on Secondary and Vaccine Breakthrough Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modeling of antibody waning after heterologous boosting with Ad5-nCoV in individuals primed with two-dose CoronaVac previously.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Antibody persistence and safety after heterologous boosting with orally aerosolised Ad5-nCoV in individuals primed with two-dose CoronaVac previously: 12-month analyses of a randomized controlled trial.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Trial
- A SARS-CoV-2 variant-induced NTD-targeting antibody enhances viral infection via a distinctive binding mode.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of booster doses of an XBB.1.5 RBD subunit COVID-19 vaccine among individuals aged 5-80 years in India: a phase 3, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Genetic Insights, Epidemiological Tracking, and Implications for Vaccine Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immunization-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit Protein Vaccination Elicits Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque Controllers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Development of a Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antibodies on Dried Blood Spot by DELFIA Immunoassay.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Intrinsic D614G and P681R/H mutations in SARS-CoV-2 VoCs Alpha, Delta, Omicron and viruses with D614G plus key signature mutations in spike protein alters fusogenicity and infectivity.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Liquid-liquid phase separation of nucleocapsid proteins during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 replication.Cell reports · 2023Review
- Adaptation-proof SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.Advanced functional materials · 2022Article
- Review
- Evolutionary Pattern Comparisons of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Countries/Regions with High and Low Vaccine Coverage.Viruses · 2022Article
- Neutralising activity and antibody titre in 10 patients with breakthrough infections of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Japan.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2022Article
- A Bacteriophage-Based, Highly Efficacious, Needle- and Adjuvant-Free, Mucosal COVID-19 Vaccine.mBio · 2022Article
- Establishing an In Vitro System to Assess How Specific Antibodies Drive the Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus.Viruses · 2022Article
- Clinical and Virological Features of Patients Hospitalized with Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccination in Mexico City.Vaccines · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2: A Master of Immune Evasion.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Longitudinal analyses reveal distinct immune response landscapes in lung and intestinal tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques.Cell reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic remains an on-going global health and economic threat that has amassed millions of deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of this disease and is constantly under evolutionary pressures that drive the modification of its genome which may represent a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines available. This article highlights the pressures that facilitate the rise of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and the key mutations of the viral spike protein - L452R, E484K, N501Y and D614G- that promote immune escape mechanism and warrant a cautionary point for clinical and public health responses in terms of re-infection, vaccine breakthrough infection and therapeutic values.
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