Trial reportGut2022
Influence of timing of maternal antibiotic administration during caesarean section on infant microbial colonisation: a randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in Gut, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Restoration of gut microbiota with a specific synbiotic-containing infant formula in healthy Chinese infants born by cesarean section.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Maternal antibiotic prophylaxis during cesarean section has a limited impact on the infant gut microbiome.Cell host & microbe · 2024Trial
- Effects of feeding type on gut microbiota and atopic dermatitis in cesarean delivered infants: a combined birth cohort study.Food science of animal resources · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome differences after vaginal birth in relation to rupture of membranes at term: a prospective longitudinal cohort study of twins.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Microbiota Composition on Neonatal Immunity and Early Childhood Allergies: A Systematic Review.Pediatric reports · 2025Review
- Perinatal Antibiotic Exposure and Respiratory Outcomes in Children Born Preterm.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- The influence of maternal gut and vaginal microbiota on gastrointestinal colonization of neonates born vaginally and per caesarean section.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Research summary, possible mechanisms and perspectives of gut microbiota changes causing precocious puberty.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Influence of different timeframes of antibiotic application on postoperative infections in patients with caesarean section.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- A microbial symphony: a literature review of the factors that orchestrate the colonization dynamics of the human colonic microbiome during infancy and implications for future health.Microbiome research reports · 2025Review
- Impact of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on the oral and fecal bacteriomes of children in the first week of life.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Delivery mode is a larger determinant of infant gut microbiome composition at 6 weeks than exposure to peripartum antibiotics.Microbial genomics · 2024Article
- Unraveling the Microbial Symphony: Impact of Antibiotics and Probiotics on Infant Gut Ecology and Antibiotic Resistance in the First Six Months of Life.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- State of the art: Intrapartum antibiotics in cesarean section, the infant microbiota and allergic diseases.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Review
- Evaluation of Birth by Cesarean Delivery and Development of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Article
- Factors affecting the early establishment of neonatal intestinal flora and its intervention measures.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Metagenomics analysis of the neonatal intestinal resistome.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveRevised guidelines for caesarean section (CS) advise maternal antibiotic administration prior to skin incision instead of after umbilical cord clamping, unintentionally exposing the infant to antibiotics antenatally. We aimed to investigate if timing of intrapartum antibiotics contributes to the impairment of microbiota colonisation in CS born infants.
designIn this randomised controlled trial, women delivering via CS received antibiotics prior to skin incision (n=20) or after umbilical cord clamping (n=20). A third control group of vaginally delivering women (n=23) was included. Faecal microbiota was determined from all infants at 1, 7 and 28 days after birth and at 3 years by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing.
resultsCompared with vaginally born infants, profound differences were found in microbial diversity and composition in both CS groups in the first month of life. A decreased abundance in species belonging to the genera
conclusionWe confirmed that microbiome colonisation is strongly affected by CS delivery. Our findings suggest that maternal antibiotic administration prior to CS does not result in a second hit on the compromised microbiome. Future, larger studies should confirm that antenatal antibiotic exposure in CS born infants does not aggravate colonisation impairment and impact long-term health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.