ArticleBMC psychology2021
Internalization of stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Nigeria: a mixed method study.
Article in BMC psychology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- How Contact Experience Shapes Peer's Attitudes: Investigating Typically Developing Children's Attitudes Toward Autistic Typically Developing Siblings in Inclusive Education.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Overcoming Stigma in Neurodiversity: Toward Stigma-Informed ABA Practice.Behavior analysis in practice · 2026Review
- Impacts of affiliated stigma on depression and anxiety in Chinese parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: roles of parental burnout and spouse support.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The mediating role of mindfulness and psychological resilience in the relationship between internalized stigma and caregiver burden among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Quality of life, stress and its coping strategies among the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Kathmandu Valley: A mixed method study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Autism stigma, knowledge, attitude, and quality of life predictors among autistic children's caregivers.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Understanding the Impact of Early Childhood and Primary Education for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities on Parents in Nigeria.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Awareness of autism spectrum disorder among public primary school teachers in Iraq.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Mental Health Status of Caregivers of Children with ASD in Mainland China: The Impact of Stigma and Social Support in the Post-COVID-19 Era.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Stigma Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disability in Vietnam.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Influence of spirituality and religiosity on perceived social stigma among Iranian caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study of public knowledge and stigma towards autism spectrum disorder in Lebanon.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Caregiving for autistic children in Nigeria: experiences and challenges.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- Interrater reliability of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Criterion A for PTSD and complex PTSD in parents of children with autism using the Life Events Checklist.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Patterns of needs among Iraqi families caring for children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Chinese caregivers' experiences parenting children with autism spectrum disorder: a descriptive qualitative study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Risk factors for low knowledge and negative attitudes among caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Iraq: a multi-centre cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Suicidal risk among Chinese parents of autistic children and its association with perceived discrimination, affiliate stigma and social alienation.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- The relationship between perceived social support and rumination among parents of children with autism: moderating effect of the degree of intervention received by children.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Unveiling autism spectrum disorder in South East Asia through a public health Lens.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAutism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has uniquely stigmatizing aspects because children with ASD have no physical markers of their condition. Parents are usually blamed and judgment from others is often internalized (felt stigma).
aimThis study was conducted to determine knowledge about ASD, negative experiences (enacted stigma), internalization of stigma (felt or self stigma) and its correlates among parents of children with ASD in Lagos, Nigeria.
methodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 230 parents in Lagos, Nigeria employing mixed-method data collection methods. Quantitative data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed with Epi- Info™ version 7.0 statistical package. Data were summarized with proportions, mean and standard deviation. Chi square and Spearman's correlation tests were done, and the level of significance was pre-determined at 5% (p < 0.05). In-depth interviews were also conducted among six parents to further explore the topic. The interviews were analyzed narratively.
resultsThe proportion of mothers and fathers were 175 (76.1%) and 55 (23.9%) respectively. The mean age of respondents was 42 ± 8.5 years. Overall knowledge of ASD was very poor as only 3(1.3%) had good knowledge. Overall, 122(53%) usually had negative experience of parenting a child with ASD (enacted stigma), mothers (17.1%) more than fathers (9.1%). Majority 192(83.5%) internalized stigma. There was a low-moderate correlation between 'enacted' stigma and 'internalized' stigma (ρ- 0.400, p < 0.001). From in-depth interviews, many parents revealed that their child's condition had negative effects on the family. Many also recounted negative experience of stigma.
conclusionOverall, parents of children with ASD had poor knowledge of the condition. Majority internalized stigma and this increases with negative treatment from others. Parents should be properly educated about ASD. Community-based education to increase awareness about ASD in addition to encouraging people to show empathy and reduce stigmatizing behaviour towards parents of children with ASD are recommended.
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