ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2021
Trends in State-Level Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Dispensing Rates, 2012-2019.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhancing Naloxone Distribution for Opioid Users in the USA: A Cost-Utility Analysis of Academic Detailing to Clinicians.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Article
- Trends and correlates of naloxone possession and use among people who inject drugs in Seattle, Washington.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- A theoretical explanation of naloxone provision among primary care physicians and community pharmacists in Tennessee.Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP · 2024Article
- Pharmacy Naloxone Standing Order and Community Opioid Fatality Rates Over Time.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Factors associated with gaps in naloxone knowledge: evidence from a 2022 great plains survey.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Factors Associated with Gaps in Naloxone Knowledge: Evidence from a 2022 Great Plains Survey.Research square · 2023Article
- Electronic Advisories Increase Naloxone Prescribing Across Health Care Settings.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- High opioid doses, naloxone, and central nervous system active medications received by Medicare-enrolled adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- The relationship between police contacts for drug use-related crime and future arrests, incarceration, and overdoses: a retrospective observational study highlighting the need to break the vicious cycle.Harm reduction journal · 2022Observational
- The association between naloxone claims and proportion of independent versus chain pharmacies: A longitudinal analysis of naloxone claims in the United States.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
- Community pharmacist-provided opioid intervention frequencies and barriers.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionImproving access to naloxone is an important public health strategy in the U.S. This study examines the state-level trends in naloxone dispensing from 2012 to 2019 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
methodsData from IQVIA Xponent were used to examine the trends and geographic inequality in annual naloxone dispensing rates and the number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed per high-dose opioid prescription from 2012 to 2019 and from 2016 to 2019 to correspond with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain release. Annual percentage change was estimated using linear regression. Analyses were conducted in 2020.
resultsNaloxone dispensing rates and the number of naloxone prescriptions per 100 high-dose opioid prescriptions increased from 2012 to 2019 across all states and the District of Columbia. Average state-level naloxone dispensing rates increased from 0.55 per 100,000 population in 2012 to 45.60 in 2016 and 292.31 in 2019. Similarly, the average number of naloxone prescriptions per 100 high-dose opioid prescriptions increased from 0.002 in 2012 to 0.24 in 2016 and 3.04 in 2019. Across both measures of naloxone dispensing, the geographic inequality gap increased during the study period. In 2019, the number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed per 100 high-dose opioid prescriptions ranged from 1.04 to 16.64 across states.
conclusionsDespite increases in naloxone dispensing across all states, dispensing rates remain low, with substantial variation and increasing disparities over time at the state level. This information may be helpful in efforts to improve naloxone access and in designing state-specific intervention programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.