Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34800370›Full record

ArticleThe Lancet. Child & adolescent health2022

Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.

Jamie Perin, Amy Mulick, Diana Yeung, Francisco Villavicencio, Gerard Lopez, Kathleen L Strong, David Prieto-Merino, Simon Cousens, Robert E Black, Li Liu

Erratum issued 3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 834 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
834citing papers in PubMed, 17 pooled it
327.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06281262 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

The Role of Selected Immunological Indicators and Microbiota in Patients Experiencing Premature Birth and Preeclampsia

TypeobservationalSponsorGeneral University Hospital, PragueRan2023 to 2025Enrolled100ConditionsPreterm Birth, PreeclampsiaArmsPeripheral blood collection, Swab sample collection
NCT07460089 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of the Premature Infant Oral Motor Intervention Versus Pacifier Use in the Transition to Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of BaghdadRan2026 to 2026Enrolled150ConditionsFeeding Difficulties, Sucking Behavior, PrematureArmsPremature Infant Oral Motor Intervention (PIOMI), Pacifier Use (Non-Nutritive Sucking)
NCT07631377 phase4not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The LalelaLung Study: Digital Stethoscope Clinical Evaluation

TypeinterventionalSponsorJohns Hopkins UniversityRan2026 to 2028Enrolled350ConditionsPneumonia, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Respiratory Tract Infections, BronchiolitisArmsStethoMe AI-enabled digital stethoscope system, Standard IMCI assessment
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

834 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,436 citations in OpenAlex.

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774 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Jamie PerinDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Amy MulickEpidemiology and Population Health, London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, London, UK.
Diana YeungDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Francisco VillavicencioDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Gerard LopezDepartment of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kathleen L StrongDepartment of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
David Prieto-MerinoEpidemiology and Population Health, London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, London, UK.
Simon CousensEpidemiology and Population Health, London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, London, UK.
Robert E BlackDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Li LiuDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: lliu26@jhu.edu.
Johns Hopkins University · USLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBWorld Health Organization · CH

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCauses of mortality are a crucial input for health systems for identifying appropriate interventions for child survival. We present an updated series of cause-specific mortality for neonates and children younger than 5 years from 2000 to 2019.

methodsWe updated cause-specific mortality estimates for neonates and children aged 1-59 months, stratified by level (low, moderate, or high) of mortality. We made a substantial change in the statistical methods used for previous estimates, transitioning to a Bayesian framework that includes a structure to account for unreported causes in verbal autopsy studies. We also used systematic covariate selection in the multinomial framework, gave more weight to nationally representative verbal autopsy studies using a random effects model, and included mortality due to tuberculosis.

findingsIn 2019, there were 5·30 million deaths (95% uncertainty range 4·92-5·68) among children younger than 5 years, primarily due to preterm birth complications (17·7%, 16·1-19·5), lower respiratory infections (13·9%, 12·0-15·1), intrapartum-related events (11·6%, 10·6-12·5), and diarrhoea (9·1%, 7·9-9·9), with 49·2% (47·3-51·9) due to infectious causes. Vaccine-preventable deaths, such as for lower respiratory infections, meningitis, and measles, constituted 21·7% (20·4-25·6) of under-5 deaths, and many other causes, such as diarrhoea, were preventable with low-cost interventions. Under-5 mortality has declined substantially since 2000, primarily because of a decrease in mortality due to lower respiratory infections, diarrhoea, preterm birth complications, intrapartum-related events, malaria, and measles. There is considerable variation in the extent and trends in cause-specific mortality across regions and for different strata of all-cause under-5 mortality.

interpretationProgress is needed to improve child health and end preventable deaths among children younger than 5 years. Countries should strategize how to reduce mortality among this age group using interventions that are relevant to their specific causes of death.

fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation; WHO.

Indexed as

Cause of DeathChild MortalityChild, PreschoolFemaleGlobal HealthHumansInfantInfant MortalityMaleModels, StatisticalSustainable DevelopmentWorld Health Organization

Identifiers

PMID34800370
PMCPMC8786667
OpenAlexW3211777249

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.