ArticleThe Journal of physiology2022
Phase-dependent local brain states determine the impact of image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor network electroencephalographic synchronization.
Article in The Journal of physiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- From Oscillations to Brain States: Real-Time EEG-TMS for Adaptive Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neurophysiological signatures of Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy in treatment resistant depression.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Closed-loop transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) reduces cue reactivity and improves inhibitory control in methamphetamine use disorder with frequency and timing specificity.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- A personalized map of where, when, and how to stimulate the brain to elicit controlled responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Primary Somatosensory to Motor Cortex Microstructural Connectivity Predicts the Mu-Rhythm Phase Effect on Corticospinal Excitability: An EEG-TMS Study.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Correlated amplitudes of potentials evoked in homologous muscles by magnetic stimulation reveal positive covariation of corticospinal output.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Phase-dependent stimulation response is shaped by the brain's dynamic functional connectivity.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Neurophysiological signatures of default mode network dysfunction and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.Science advances · 2025Article
- Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) enhances motor cortex plasticity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synchronized with Electroencephalography: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) Enhances Motor Cortex Excitability.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Interactions of transcranial magnetic stimulation with brain oscillations: a narrative review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2024Review
- Article
- Phase matters when there is power: Phasic modulation of corticospinal excitability occurs at high amplitude sensorimotor mu-oscillations.Neuroimage. Reports · 2022Article
- The Problem and Potential of TMS' Infinite Parameter Space: A Targeted Review and Road Map Forward.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies have synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) application with pre-defined brain oscillatory phases showing how brain response to perturbation depends on the brain state. However, none have investigated whether phase-dependent TMS can possibly modulate connectivity with homologous distant brain regions belonging to the same network. In the framework of network-targeted TMS, we investigated whether stimulation delivered at a specific phase of ongoing brain oscillations might favour stronger cortico-cortical (c-c) synchronization of distant network nodes connected to the stimulation target. Neuronavigated TMS pulses were delivered over the primary motor cortex (M1) during ongoing electroencephalography recording in 24 healthy individuals over two repeated sessions 1 month apart. Stimulation effects were analysed considering whether the TMS pulse was delivered at the time of a positive (peak) or negative (trough) phase of μ-frequency oscillation, which determines c-c synchrony within homologous areas of the sensorimotor network. Diffusion weighted imaging was used to study c-c connectivity within the sensorimotor network and identify contralateral regions connected with the stimulation spot. Depending on when during the μ-activity the TMS-pulse was applied (peak or trough), its impact on inter-hemispheric network synchrony varied significantly. Higher M1-M1 phase-lock synchronization after the TMS-pulse (0-200 ms) in the μ-frequency band was found for trough compared to peak stimulation trials in both study visits. Phase-dependent TMS delivery might be crucial not only to amplify local effects but also to increase the magnitude and reliability of the response to the external perturbation, with implications for interventions aimed at engaging more distributed functional brain networks. KEY POINTS: Synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses with pre-defined brain oscillatory phases allow evaluation of the impact of brain states on TMS effects. TMS pulses over M1 at the negative peak of the μ-frequency band induce higher phase-lock synchronization with interconnected contralateral homologous regions. Cortico-cortical synchronization changes are linearly predicted by the fibre density and cross-section of the white matter tract that connects the two brain regions. Phase-dependent TMS delivery might be crucial not only to amplify local effects but also to increase the magnitude and reliability of within-network synchronization.
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