SynthesisBMC cardiovascular disorders2021
Educational attainment in patients with congenital heart disease: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis on sex differences in mortality and neurodevelopment in congenital heart defects.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Umbrella systematic review finds limited evidence that school absence explains the association between chronic health conditions and lower academic attainment.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Placental hypoplasia and vascular malperfusion are associated with reduced brain volumes in fetal congenital heart disease.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental care across pediatric critical care settings: toward brain-focused critical care.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
- Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Prioritizing Neurocognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Consensus Statement From the Adults With Congenital Heart Disease/Neuro 2024 Conference.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Living with congenital heart disease: a qualitative study to explore psychosocial impacts in adulthood.International journal of cardiology. Congenital heart disease · 2025Article
- Educational Attainment and Employment Status of Adults Living With Congenital Heart Disease in the United States, CH STRONG 2016-2019.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Exploring Health Educational Interventions for Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Scoping Review.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Review
- A mixed methods exploratory study assessing youth knowledge, self-efficacy and mental health outcomes in transition to adult healthcare.Health care transitions · 2025Article
- Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Physical Activity Participation in Children and Adults Living With Congenital Heart Disease: A Narrative Review.CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2024Review
- A pilot study of the utility of a hospital-based school program for pediatric patients with cardiac diagnoses.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Access to Specialized Care Across the Lifespan in Tetralogy of Fallot.CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2023Review
- Daily life and psychosocial functioning of adults with congenital heart disease: a 40-53 years after surgery follow-up study.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2023Article
- Fetal Brain Development in Congenital Heart Disease.The Canadian journal of cardiology · 2023Review
- Declining Incidence of Postoperative Neonatal Brain Injury in Congenital Heart Disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Content validity of the Japanese version of the health literacy and resiliency scale for youth with chronic illness.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Quality of life in adult patients with congenital heart disease: Results of a double-center study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOur aim was to comprehensively review published evidence on the association between having a congenital heart disease (CHD) compared with not, on educational attainment (i.e. not obtaining a university degree, completing secondary education, or completing any vocational training vs. obtaining/completing) in adults.
methodStudies were eligible if they reported the rate, odds, or proportion of level of educational attainment in adults by whether or not they had a CHD.
resultOut of 1537 articles screened, we identified 11 (N = 104,585 participants, 10,487 with CHD), 10 (N = 167,470 participants, 11,820 with CHD), and 8 (N = 150,813 participants, 9817 with CHD) studies reporting information on university education, secondary education, and vocational training, respectively in both CHD and non-CHD participants. Compared to their non-CHD peers, CHD patients were more likely not to obtain a university degree (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.16, 1.65]), complete secondary education (OR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.09, 1.61]) or vocational training (OR = 1.11, 95% CI [0.98, 1.26]). For all three outcomes there was evidence of between study heterogeneity, with geographical area contributing to this heterogeneity.
conclusionThis systematic review identified all available published data on educational attainment in CHD patients. Despite broad inclusion criteria we identified relatively few studies that included a comparison group from the same population, and amongst those that did, few adjusted for key confounders. Pooled analyses suggest evidence of lower levels of educational attainment in patients with CHD when compared to non-CHD peers. The extent to which this may be explained by confounding factors, such as parental education, or mediated by treatments is not possible to discern from the current research literature.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.