ArticlePloS one2021
Beyond personal factors: Multilevel determinants of childhood stunting in Indonesia.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current trends in household food insecurity, dietary diversity, and stunting among children under five in Asia: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants and district-level variation in childhood undernutrition in Sindh, Pakistan: evidence from MICS 2018.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- The world's longest running civil war and chronic childhood undernutrition in Myanmar: a propensity score matched analysis.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Trends in Stunting Prevalence and Sex-based Disparities among Children under Five in Somalia, 2000-2024: A Secondary Analysis of WHO Model-based Estimates.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Why Do Stunting Interventions Remain Unequal in Urban Areas? A Multivariate Analysis of Subdistrict Risk Profiles in Cirebon City, Indonesia.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- Core Elements of the Stunting Prevention Model to Improve Adolescents' Quality of Life.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- From gene to plate in Indonesia: a food system framework for the triple burden of malnutrition.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study of the 2007-2016 NHANES data.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Effect of a 6-Month Functional Food Intervention on the Microbiota of Stunted Children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Parallel Trial.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Malnutrition among under-5 children and its determinants in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh: A community-based study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Dietary intakes, nutritional and biochemical status of 6 months to 12-year-old children before the COVID-19 pandemic era: the South East Asian Nutrition Survey II Indonesia (SEANUTS II) study in Java and Sumatera Islands, Indonesia.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluating the knowledge, roles, and skills of health cadres in stunting prevention: A mixed-method study in Indonesia.Belitung nursing journal · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of stunting too early: analysis of the 2020 Rwanda demographic and health survey.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Risk factors associated with stunting incidence in under five children in Southeast Asia: a scoping review.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Examining determinants of stunting in Urban and Rural Indonesian: a multilevel analysis using the population-based Indonesian family life survey (IFLS).BMC public health · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic determinants of the double burden of malnutrition among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Gut microbiota differences in stunted and normal-lenght children aged 36-45 months in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.PloS one · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStunting is still a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. Previous studies have reported the complexities associated with understanding the determinants of stunting. This study aimed to examine the household-, subdistrict- and province-level determinants of stunting in Indonesia using a multilevel hierarchical mixed effects model.
methodsWe analyzed data for 8045 children taken from the 2007 and 2014 waves of the Indonesian Family and Life Surveys (IFLS). We included individual-, family-/household- and community-level variables in the analyses. A multilevel mixed effects model was employed to take into account the hierarchical structure of the data. Moreover, the model captured the effect of unobserved household-, subdistrict- and province-level characteristics on the probability of children being stunted.
resultsOur findings showed that the odds of childhood stunting vary significantly not only by individual child- and household-level characteristics but also by province- and subdistrict-level characteristics. Among the child-level covariates included in our model, dietary habits, neonatal weight, a history of infection, and sex significantly affected the risk of stunting. Household wealth status and parental education are significant household-level covariates associated with a higher risk of stunting. Finally, the risk of stunting is higher for children living in communities without access to water, sanitation and hygiene.
conclusionsStunting is associated with not only child-level characteristics but also family- and community-level characteristics. Hence, interventions to reduce stunting should also take into account family and community characteristics to achieve effective outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.