ArticlePloS one2021
Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05618483 (Clinical Efficacy of Xylitol Based Nasal Spray for the Treatment of Mild COVID-19 Infection), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Efficacy of Xylitol Based Nasal Spray for the Treatment of Mild COVID-19 Infection
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Mouth Rinses and Nasal Spray in the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Efficacy of a Nasal Spray Containing Iota-Carrageenan in the Postexposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Hospital Personnel Dedicated to Patients Care with COVID-19 Disease.International journal of general medicine · 2021Trial
- The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2.International journal of general medicine · 2021Trial
- Carrageenans and the Carrageenan-Echinochrome Complex as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Nasal Spray Disinfectant for Respiratory Infections Based on Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles: A Physicochemical and Docking Approach.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Sustainable and biocompatible hybrid materials-based sulfated polysaccharides for biomedical applications: a review.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infections.Viruses · 2024Article
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted fromMarine drugs · 2023Article
- Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
- Article
- Inhibitory activity of a sulfated oligo-porphyran from Pyropia yezoensis against SARS-CoV-2.Carbohydrate polymers · 2023Article
- The diverse role of heparan sulfate and other GAGs in SARS-CoV-2 infections and therapeutics.Carbohydrate polymers · 2023Review
- Therapeutic activity of fucoidan and carrageenan as marine algal polysaccharides against viruses.3 Biotech · 2022Review
- Advances in Research on Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweeds.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Efficacy of Pre-Procedural Mouthwashes against SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Algae: Study of Edible and Biologically Active Fractions, Their Properties and Applications.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Virucidal Activity of Different Mouthwashes against the Salivary Load of SARS-CoV-2: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Advances in the Prophylaxis of Respiratory Infections by the Nasal and the Oromucosal Route: Relevance to the Fight with the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Recommendation of the German Society of Hospital Hygiene (DGKH): Prevention of COVID-19 by virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray - updated version April 2022.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Last year observed a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of individuals worldwide. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easily producible and affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. Since the nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2, a nasal spray may be an effective option to target SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we tested the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We determined that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 μg/mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The concentrations of iota-carrageenan with activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro may be easily achieved through the application of nasal sprays as commonly used in several countries. Recently a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that iota-carrageenan in isotonic sodium chloride reduces ca. five times the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in health care personnel. Further, xylitol at a concentration of 50 mg/mL (ca. 329 mM) was found to exert some antiviral action, though this preliminary finding needs further confirmation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.