ArticleJournal of gastroenterology2022
Environmental factors, medical and family history, and comorbidities associated with primary biliary cholangitis in Japan: a multicenter case-control study.
Article in Journal of gastroenterology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Primary biliary cholangitis mortality in Europe: a temporal and spatial view across the period 2002-2022.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A segregating PTK2B variant in a primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) family induces PBC-like autoimmune features in knock-in mice.Cell & bioscience · 2026Article
- Novel Mechanistic Insights into Primary Biliary Cholangitis: From Pathogenesis to Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Repair.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Long-term use of potassium-competitive acid blockers and proton pump inhibitors and the risk of metachronous gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication: a multicenter cohort study.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2026Article
- Autoimmune liver diseases in the Asia Pacific region: proceedings of the autoimmune liver disease course at APASL 2025.Hepatology international · 2026Review
- [Primary biliary cholangitis-Update on diagnostics, risk stratification and new treatment options].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Smoking and liver diseases: an updated review of pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic implications.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- The Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Time for Personalized Medicine.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Clinical management of autoimmune liver diseases: juncture, opportunities, and challenges ahead.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- Prediction of primary biliary cholangitis among health check-up population with anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody positive.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2025Article
- Microbial Transglutaminase-The Food Additive, a Potential Inducing Factor in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Linear endo-ultrasonographic signs of muscularis propria invasion in early rectal cancer.Techniques in coloproctology · 2024Article
- Deep learning for segmentation of colorectal carcinomas on endoscopic ultrasound.Techniques in coloproctology · 2024Article
- Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis in the Netherlands - A nationwide cohort study.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2024Article
- Antibodies directed against bacterial antigens in sera of Polish patients with primary biliary cholangitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Animal models of primary biliary cholangitis: status and challenges.Cell & bioscience · 2023Review
- Epidemiological trends and outcomes of primary biliary cholangitis in South Korea between 2009 and 2019.Journal of gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (2021).Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2023Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
42 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is considered to be caused by the interaction between genetic background and environmental triggers. Previous case-control studies have indicated the associations of environmental factors (tobacco smoking, a history of urinary tract infection, and hair dye) use with PBC. Therefore, we conducted a multicenter case-control study to identify the environmental factors associated with the development of PBC in Japan.
methodsFrom 21 participating centers in Japan, we prospectively enrolled 548 patients with PBC (male/female = 78/470, median age 66), and 548 age- and sex-matched controls. These participants completed a questionnaire comprising 121 items with respect to demographic, anthropometric, socioeconomic features, lifestyle, medical/familial history, and reproductive history in female individuals. The association was determined using conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis.
resultsThe identified factors were vault toilet at home in childhood [odds ratio (OR), 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.62], unpaved roads around the house in childhood (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.07-1.92), ever smoking (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.28-2.25), and hair dye use (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.15-2.14) in the model for lifestyle factors, and a history of any type of autoimmune disease (OR, 8.74; 95% CI, 3.99-19.13), a history of Cesarean section (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.077-0.53), and presence of PBC in first-degree relatives (OR, 21.1; 95% CI, 6.52-68.0) in the model for medical and familial factors.
conclusionsThese results suggest that poor environmental hygiene in childhood (vault toilets and unpaved roads) and chronic exposure to chemicals (smoking and hair dye use) are likely to be risk factors for the development of PBC in Japan.
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