ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2021
The State of Diversity in Academic Plastic Surgery Faculty across North America.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Moving the Needle: Program Directors' Views on the Recruitment of Diverse Trainees to Plastic Surgery Residency.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- An Investigation of Gender Representation and Collaboration in Academic Plastic Surgery Research.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Exploring Skin Tone Diversity in a Plastic Surgery Resident Education Curriculum.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Critical Assessment of Fellowship Director Gender and Ethnic Diversity across the Five Major Plastic Surgery Fellowships.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Exploring the 6-year Trend in Dedicated Research Years among Integrated Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Residents.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Characteristics and academic career outcomes of Godina Fellowship recipients.Journal of hand and microsurgery · 2024Article
- Analysis of Additional Degrees in Academic Plastic Surgery Faculty.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2024Article
- Women of Color in the Health Professions: A Scoping Review of the Literature.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Historical Review of Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity in Plastic Surgery at the University of Michigan.Seminars in plastic surgery · 2024Review
- Early Women Pioneers and the Evolution of Women in Plastic Surgery.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2023Article
- Ethnic and Sex Diversity in Academic Plastic Surgery: A Cross-sectional Study.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2023Article
- Factors Influencing Preferences for Plastic Surgery Conferences: A Conjoint Analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Improving Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery in Canada: A Call to Action.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGender and racial disparity is prevalent in all surgical subspecialties with women and racial groups historically underrepresented in academic plastic surgery. This study evaluated gender and racial profiles of academic plastic surgery faculty in North America and correlated both with research productivity and its effect on academic ranks of faculty in plastic surgery.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we compiled a list of accredited medical schools that offer plastic surgery training for residency. Data were collected on demographics, academic rank, and research output using the Doximity, LinkedIn, and Scopus databases. Data analyses were performed with a Mann-Whitney U test and a Kruskal-Wallis test.
resultsWomen who were black, indigenous, and/or other color occupied only 6.25% of plastic surgery faculty leadership positions in North America. There are more women and underrepresented minorities in leadership positions in Canada, when compared with the USA, relative to each country's demographic. In both countries, women and underrepresented minority plastic surgeons had fewer publications, citations, and years of active research. Interestingly, having women in leadership positions was associated with a higher number of women faculty members.
conclusionsGender and racial disparity exist in academic plastic surgery in North America. Several changes are required in order for women and underrepresented minorities in medicine to have an equal chance at career advancement. Better representation and diverse leadership have the potential to bring about equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic plastic surgery.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.