ReviewJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021
For whom the T cells troll? Bispecific T-cell engagers in glioblastoma.
Review in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07243470 (A Multicenter, Open-label Phase I/II Trial Aiming to Assess the Safety and Clinical Activity of Tarlatamab in Combination With Metronomic Temozolomide in Adolescents and Adults' Patients With High Grade Brain Tumors), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicenter, Open-label Phase I/II Trial Aiming to Assess the Safety and Clinical Activity of Tarlatamab in Combination With Metronomic Temozolomide in Adolescents and Adults' Patients With High Grade Brain Tumors
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glioma-intrinsic MAPK/ERK signaling promotes immunotherapy efficacy through T cell infiltration and interferon responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Oncolytic adenoviruses encoding bispecific T cell engagers or a novel trispecific T cell engager for dual-targeting of c-MET and EGFR.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- The safety and efficacy of bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) in patients with glioma.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Immune cell engagers in lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T-cell engagers in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- An Overview on T-Cell Engagers: The Current Position in Both the Biological and Mathematical Context.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Review
- Disrupting PDGFRA-driven immune evasion in glioma: vaccine-based strategies on the horizon.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Antibody therapies in glioblastoma: Overcoming micro-environmental barriers.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- A novel immunocytokine promotes T cell- and cytokine-induced killer cell-mediated antitumor immunity via a non-MHC-restricted mechanism in glioblastoma.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Fragment-Based Immune Cell Engager Antibodies in Treatment of Cancer, Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons and Insights from Clinical and Translational Studies.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges.Cancers · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma.Cancer treatment and research · 2025Review
- Bispecific T-cell engagers for the recruitment of T cells in solid tumors: a literature review.Immunotherapy advances · 2025Review
- Bispecific Antibodies in Glioblastoma: Mechanistic Advances, Delivery Innovations, and Translational Challenges in Overcoming Immune Escape.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- MAPK/ERK signaling in gliomas modulates interferon responses, T cell recruitment, microglia phenotype, and immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Structural and functional characterization of IgG- and non-IgG-based T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Advances in DLL3-targeted therapies for small cell lung cancer: challenges, opportunities, and future directions.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Bispecific T-Cell Engagers and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies in Glioblastoma: An Update.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Advances in research on immune escape mechanism of glioma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Review
- Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Glioblastoma.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Onset of disease is followed by a uniformly lethal prognosis and dismal overall survival. While immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment in other difficult-to-treat cancers, these have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit in patients with glioblastoma. Obstacles to success include the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME), the immune-privileged intracranial space, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and local and systemic immunosuppressions. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies have failed at least in part due to their inability to access the intracranial compartment. Bispecific T-cell engagers are promising antibody fragment-based therapies which can bring T cells close to their target and capture them with a high binding affinity. They can redirect the entire repertoire of T cells against tumor, independent of T-cell receptor specificity. However, the multiple challenges posed by the TME, immune privilege and the BBB suggest that a single agent approach may be insufficient to yield durable, long-lasting antitumor efficacy. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action of T-cell engagers, their preclinical and clinical developments to date. We also draw comparisons with other classes of multispecific antibodies and potential combinations using these antibody fragment therapies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.