ArticleBMJ global health2021
Epidemiological comparison of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, February 2020-April 2021.
Article in BMJ global health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acceptability of COVID-19 self-testing among social and clinical vulnerable populations using a decentralized testing model in Abuja, Nigeria; A mixed methods analysis of an implementation study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- COVID19 Sero-epidemiology and vaccine uptake in two Southern Nigerian clinics.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Genomic surveillance and phylo-evolutionary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Osun state, Nigeria during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic.BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in two states of Nigeria from a population based household survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rethinking the evidence on COVID-19 in Africa.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Review
- [Variability In Demographic And Clinical Characteristics Of Covid-19 Cases Between The First And Second Waves In Mali].Le Mali medical · 2025Article
- Advancing Programme Science approaches to understand gaps in HIV prevention programme coverage for key populations in 12 Nigerian states: findings from the 2020 Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance Survey.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2 cross-reactive antibodies in domestic animals and wildlife in Nigeria suggest circulation of sarbecoviruses.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 in 16 West African Countries: An Assessment of the Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 after Four Epidemic Waves.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Review
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- Clinical and Virological Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants during the Four Waves of the Pandemic in the Mexican Southeast.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to SARS-CoV-2 Interstitial Pneumonia Treated with CPAP in a Medical Intermediate Care Setting: A Retrospective Observational Study on Comparison of Four Waves.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- COVID-19 positive cases among asymptomatic individuals during the second wave in Ndola, Zambia.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2023Article
- Association between wealth, insurance coverage, urban residence, median age and COVID-19 deaths across states in Nigeria.PloS one · 2023Article
- Machine learning-driven development of a disease risk score for COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality: a Swedish and Norwegian register-based study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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- A comparative analysis of experienced uncertainties in relation to risk communication during COVID19: a four-country study.Globalization and health · 2022Article
- Public risk perception and behaviours towards COVID-19 during the first and second waves in Nigeria: a secondary data analysis.BMJ open · 2022Article
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54 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundWith reports of surges in COVID-19 case numbers across over 50 countries, country-level epidemiological analysis is required to inform context-appropriate response strategies for containment and mitigation of the outbreak. We aimed to compare the epidemiological features of the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Nigeria.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System data of the first and second epidemiological waves, which were between 27 February and 24 October 2020, and 25 October 2020 to 3 April 2021, respectively. Descriptive statistical measures including frequencies and percentages, test positivity rate (TPR), cumulative incidence (CI) and case fatality rates (CFRs) were compared. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out in STATA V.13.
resultsThere were 802 143 tests recorded during the study period (362 550 and 439 593 in the first and second waves, respectively). Of these, 66 121 (18.2%) and 91 644 (20.8%) tested positive in the first and second waves, respectively. There was a 21.3% increase in the number of tests conducted in the second wave with TPR increasing by 14.3%. CI during the first and second waves were 30.3/100 000 and 42.0/100 000 respectively. During the second wave, confirmed COVID-19 cases increased among females and people 30 years old or younger and decreased among urban residents and individuals with travel history within 14 days of sample collection (p value <0.001). Most confirmed cases were asymptomatic at diagnosis during both waves: 74.9% in the first wave; 79.7% in the second wave. CFR decreased during the second wave (0.7%) compared with the first wave (1.8%).
conclusionNigeria experienced a larger but less severe second wave of COVID-19. Continued implementation of public health and social measures is needed to mitigate the resurgence of another wave.
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