ArticleBMC public health2021
Education, household income, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Japanese adults.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender differences in the effects of economic inequality on mental conditions: a multivariate meta-analysis of Gini index and relative income position in high-income OECD countries.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Association between indoor air pollution and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Behavioral and Psychological Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women: Attenuation of the Perceived Body Size Association After Adjustment.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multidimensional determinants of depression and non-depression in older adults: evidence from national data.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Association between weekend catch-up sleep and depressive symptoms in young adults: evidence from two national dataset.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Depression and psychiatric help-seeking as joint outcomes: a Bayesian multilevel analysis of household-level dependence.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Article
- Analysis of the Association Between Psychosocial Stressors and Depression Among Family Caregivers of Individuals With Young-Onset Dementia and Late-Onset Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2026Article
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- Development and validation of the concise midlife crisis measure.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Relative Poverty and Mental Illness in Adults, Children, and Adolescents in Industrialized Countries.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Review
- Can climate-resilient city construction promote healthier middle-aged and older adults? Evidences from China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Can Japan contribute to developing research on the relation between blood pressure variability and suicide risk?Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Machine learning-based nomogram for predicting depressive symptoms in women: A cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province, China.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- A machine learning-based approach to predict depression in Chinese older adults with subjective cognitive decline: a longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting depression risk in patients with chronic kidney disease based on NHANES 2005-2018.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Extent of Unidentified Complaints and Depression Is Inversely Associated with Fish and Shellfish Intake in Young Japanese Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Physiological, Psychological, and Functional Health Determinants of Depressive Symptoms Among the Elderly in India: Evaluation of Classification Performance of XGBoost Models.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Identifying major depressive disorder among US adults living alone using stacked ensemble machine learning algorithms.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Analysis of characteristics among unemployed callers to the psychological support hotline in Beijing.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIncome inequality has dramatically increased worldwide, and there is a need to re-evaluate the association between socio-economic status (SES) and depression. Relative contributions of household income and education to depression, as well as their interactions, have not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to examine the association between SES and depressive symptoms in Japanese adults, focusing on interactions between education and household income levels.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used data from baseline surveys of two cohort studies. Participants were 38,499 community-dwelling people aged 40-74 years who participated in baseline surveys of the Murakami cohort study (2011-2012) and Uonuma cohort study (2012-2015) conducted in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Information regarding marital status, education level, household income, occupation, activities of daily living (ADL), and history of cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and diabetes was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were examined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs). Covariates included age, sex, marital status, education, household income, occupation, ADL, and disease history.
resultsIndividuals with higher education levels had lower ORs (adjusted P for trend = 0.0007) for depressive symptoms, independently of household income level. The OR of the university-or-higher group was significantly lower than that of the junior high school group (adjusted OR = 0.79). Individuals with lower household income levels had higher ORs (adjusted P for trend< 0.0001) for depressive symptoms, independently of education level. The type of occupation was not associated with depressive symptoms. In subgroup analyses according to household income level, individuals with higher education levels had significantly lower ORs in the lowest- and lower-income groups (adjusted P for trend = 0.0275 and 0.0123, respectively), but not in higher- and highest-income groups (0.5214 and 0.0915, respectively).
conclusionsBoth education and household income levels are independently associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with household income levels showing a more robust association with depressive symptoms than education levels. This suggests that a high household income level may offset the risk of depressive symptoms from having a low education level.
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