ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Incubation Period, Spore Shedding Duration, and Symptoms of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotype C Infection in a Foodborne Outbreak in Denmark, 2020.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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23 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microsporidia: evolution, infection mechanisms and host impact.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Molecular Prevalence, Genotypic Distribution and Zoonotic Potential ofVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in Swedish patients with suspected gastrointestinal parasite infection: a cross-sectional molecular study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- One health survey of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in rural Adana (Türkiye) reveals zoonotic genotypes and two novel ITS genotypes in livestock.Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization of human pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis and Cyclospora cayetanensis of diarrheal outpatients in Yangtze river delta region, China.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization and Zoonotic Potential ofTransboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Genotyping and molecular profiling of intestinal microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients in Alborz Province, Iran.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Draft assemblies for three geographically distinct isolates of the human-infecting microsporidiumMicrobiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- Aspects of Genetic Diversity, Host Specificity and Public Health Significance of Single-Celled Intestinal Parasites Commonly Observed in Humans and Mostly Referred to as 'Non-Pathogenic'.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2025Review
- PCR-based detection ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Current status of intestinal parasitosis and microsporidiosis in industrialized countries: Results from a prospective study in France and Luxembourg.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- Identification of common human infectious and potentially zoonotic novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cavernicolous bats in Thailand.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Design and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2024Article
- Molecular prevalence and genotype identification ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Occurrence and genetic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet dogs in Yunnan Province, China.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2024Article
- Molecular identification and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Shanghai, China.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Survey of Zoonotic Diarrheagenic Protist and Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Exploring genetic variability ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The successful treatment ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundMicrosporidia are rarely reported to cause outbreaks of diarrhea. We describe a foodborne outbreak of microsporidiosis from a workplace canteen in November 2020 in Denmark.
methodsA probable case was defined as any person using the canteen between 4 November and 13 December 2020, reporting at least one gastrointestinal symptom, whereas a confirmed case also had an Enterocytozoon bieneusi positive stool sample. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect clinical, epidemiological, and food exposure data. We performed a retrospective cohort study and tested stool samples from affected individuals for bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens, including E. bieneusi.
resultsAltogether, 195 individuals completed the questionnaire. We identified 52 cases (65% male; median age 45 years [range 25-65]). Diarrhea (90%), fatigue (83%), and abdominal pain (79%) were the most commonly reported symptoms. Eight cases were laboratory-confirmed and had E. bieneusi genotype C. The incubation period was between 5 and 12 days, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detectable spore shedding occurred up to 43 days after symptom onset. Disease was associated with consuming food from the workplace canteen on 4 November 2020 (relative risk [RR[, 2.8 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4 - 5.4]) and lunchboxes containing open sandwiches (RR, 3.2 [95% CI: 1.4 - 7.2]) served that day.
conclusionsThis is the second documented foodborne outbreak of E. bieneusi genotype C-associated diarrhea worldwide. Epidemiological findings advocated an open sandwiches lunchbox from 4 November 2020, as a likely source. E. bieneusi may be an under-reported cause of outbreaks of diarrhea, and testing for it might be useful in foodborne outbreak investigations.
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