Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34789505›Full record

SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021

Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Stella Talic, Shivangi Shah, Holly Wild, Danijela Gasevic, Ashika Maharaj, Zanfina Ademi, Xue Li, Wei Xu, Ines Mesa-Eguiagaray, Jasmin Rostron and 5 more

Erratum issued Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06402227 (Effectiveness of Board Game on Improving Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Infection Control for Senior Elementary School Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 436 papers, 19 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
436citing papers in PubMed, 19 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06402227 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of Board Game on Improving Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Infection Control for Senior Elementary School Students: a Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorHU, HUEY-LANRan2023 to 2024Enrolled310ConditionsKnowledge of Infection Control, Attitude of Infection Control, Behavioral Intentions of Infection ControlArmsgamified instruction, conventional lesson lecture
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

436 citing papers in PubMed, 19 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024
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  19. Characteristics of sudden hearing loss after different COVID-19 vaccinations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2023
    Pooled it
  20. Trial

376 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Stella TalicSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia stella.talic@monash.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-7739-3381
Shivangi ShahSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Holly WildSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Danijela GasevicSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Ashika MaharajSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Zanfina AdemiSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Xue LiCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Wei XuCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ines Mesa-EguiagarayCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Jasmin RostronCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Evropi TheodoratouCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Xiaomeng ZhangCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ashmika MoteeCentre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Danny LiewSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.
Dragan IlicSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004 VIC, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality.

designSystematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health, and World Health Organization COVID-19 database (preprints). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION: Observational and interventional studies that assessed the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality.

main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was incidence of covid-19. Secondary outcomes included SARS-CoV-2 transmission and covid-19 mortality. DATA SYNTHESIS: DerSimonian Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of mask wearing, handwashing, and physical distancing measures on incidence of covid-19. Pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I

results72 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 35 evaluated individual public health measures and 37 assessed multiple public health measures as a "package of interventions." Eight of 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated a reduction in incidence of covid-19 associated with handwashing (relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 1.12, I

conclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that several personal protective and social measures, including handwashing, mask wearing, and physical distancing are associated with reductions in the incidence covid-19. Public health efforts to implement public health measures should consider community health and sociocultural needs, and future research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of public health measures in the context of covid-19 vaccination. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020178692.

Indexed as

Public HealthCommunicable Disease ControlCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesGlobal HealthHand DisinfectionHumansIncidenceMasksPhysical DistancingQuarantineSARS-CoV-2SchoolsTravelWorld Health OrganizationCOVID-19 Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID34789505
PMCPMC9423125

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.