ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2022
The Genetic Architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Contribution of Liability to OCD From Alleles Across the Frequency Spectrum.
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Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
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24citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review: Convergence and Divergence Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Genetic, Neuroimaging, and Cognitive Findings.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-Wide Association Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms including 33,943 individuals from the general population.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The genetics of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: A systematic review.Comprehensive psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The genetic epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Whole-exome sequencing in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic tic disorders identifies 36 large-effect risk genes.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Advancements in the Understanding of the Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- "It Doesn't Matter Where OCD Comes From," or Does It?Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Rare coding variation in OCD implicates shared genes with other psychiatric disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Rare coding mutations identify 36 large-effect risk genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic tic disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Hereditary Patterns and Genetic Associations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Neuropsychiatric Insights, Genetic Influences, and Treatment Perspectives.Current gene therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Clinical characteristics of probands with obsessive-compulsive disorder from simplex and multiplex families.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- A Polygenic Risk Score Enhances Risk Prediction for Adolescents' Antisocial Behavior over the Combined Effect of 22 Extra-familial, Familial, and Individual Risk Factors in the Context of the Family Check-Up.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2023Article
- Mice lacking Ptprd exhibit deficits in goal-directed behavior and female-specific impairments in sensorimotor gating.PloS one · 2023Article
- Familial risk of psychosis in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Impact on clinical characteristics, comorbidity and treatment response.Journal of psychiatric research · 2022Article
- Article
- Psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised and the population characteristics of the symptom dimensions of OCD.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Behrang MahjaniSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).ORCID 0000-0001-6087-9537
Lambertus KleiSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Manuel MattheisenSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Matthew W HalvorsenSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Abraham ReichenbergSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Kathryn RoederSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Nancy L PedersenSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Julia BobergSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Elles de SchipperSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Cynthia M BulikSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Mikael LandénSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Bengt FundínSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
David Mataix-ColsSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Sven SandinSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Christina M HultmanSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
James J CrowleySeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Joseph D BuxbaumSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Christian RückSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Bernie DevlinSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Dorothy E GriceSeaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Related Disorders (Mahjani, Grice), Department of Psychiatry (Mahjani, Reichenberg, Sandin, Buxbaum, Grice),Mindich Child Health and Development Institute (Reichenberg, Buxbaum, Grice),Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (Buxbaum),Department of Neuroscience (Buxbaum), and Friedman Brain Institute (Buxbaum, Grice), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Mahjani, Mattheisen, Halvorsen, Pedersen, Bulik, Landén, Fundín, Sandin, Hultman, Crowley) and Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Boberg, de Schipper, Mataix-Cols, Rück), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Klei, Devlin); Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada (Mattheisen); Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Mattheisen); Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich (Mattheisen); Department of Genetics (Halvorsen, Crowley) Department of Psychiatry (Bulik), and Department of Nutrition (Bulik), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Department of Statistics and the Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (Roeder); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Landén); Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm (Rück).
Funding
Eating Disorders Genetics Initiative (EDGI)R01MH120170 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BULIK, CYNTHIA M · 2019 to 2023
$7.2MGenetics Association in Schizophrenia and Other DisordersR37MH057881 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI DEVLIN, BERNIE · 2013 to 2022
$5.4M1/7 PGC: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124871 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BULIK, CYNTHIA M, SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2021 to 2025
$3.5MGenetic & Environmental Predictors of Tourette Syndrome & OCD in DenmarkR01MH105500 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI CROWLEY, JAMES JOSEPH · 2015 to 2019
$3.0M1/2 Rare Genetic Variation and Risk for Obsessive Compulsive DisorderR01MH124679 · NIMH · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI GRICE, DOROTHY E · 2021 to 2025
$3.0MOCD: Novel Comparative Genomic Approaches to Identify Disease and Treatment MechanismsR01MH110427 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI CROWLEY, JAMES JOSEPH · 2016 to 2021
$3.0MPredicting Binge and Purge Episodes from Passive and Active Apple Watch Data Using a Dynamical Systems ApproachR01MH119084 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BULIK, CYNTHIA M, BUTNER, JONATHAN · 2019 to 2022
$2.8M1/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Finding actionable variationU01MH109528 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2016 to 2020
$2.5M2/2 Rare Genetic Variation and Risk for Obsessive Compulsive DisorderR01MH124675 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI CROWLEY, JAMES JOSEPH · 2021 to 2025
$743kNIMH NIH HHS R01 MH105500NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110427NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH119084NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120170NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124675NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124679NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124871NIMH NIH HHS R37 MH057881NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH109528
Abstract
objectiveObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is known to be substantially heritable; however, the contribution of genetic variation across the allele frequency spectrum to this heritability remains uncertain. The authors used two new homogeneous cohorts to estimate the heritability of OCD from inherited genetic variation and contrasted the results with those of previous studies.
methodsThe sample consisted of 2,090 Swedish-born individuals diagnosed with OCD and 4,567 control subjects, all genotyped for common genetic variants, specifically >400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥0.01. Using genotypes of these SNPs to estimate distant familial relationships among individuals, the authors estimated the heritability of OCD, both overall and partitioned according to MAF bins.
resultsNarrow-sense heritability of OCD was estimated at 29% (SE=4%). The estimate was robust, varying only modestly under different models. Contrary to an earlier study, however, SNPs with MAF between 0.01 and 0.05 accounted for 10% of heritability, and estimated heritability per MAF bin roughly followed expectations based on a simple model for SNP-based heritability.
conclusionsThese results indicate that common inherited risk variation (MAF ≥0.01) accounts for most of the heritable variation in OCD. SNPs with low MAF contribute meaningfully to the heritability of OCD, and the results are consistent with expectation under the "infinitesimal model" (also referred to as the "polygenic model"), where risk is influenced by a large number of loci across the genome and across MAF bins.
Indexed as
Genome-Wide Association StudyObsessive-Compulsive DisorderAllelesHumansMultifactorial InheritancePolymorphism, Single NucleotideGeneticsHeritabilityObsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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