ArticlePLoS genetics2021
The pleiotropic functions of intracellular hydrophobins in aerial hyphae and fungal spores.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Biological Roles of Class II Hydrophobins at the Cell Wall of Filamentous Ascomycetes.Journal of basic microbiology · 2026Review
- The Pheromone-Regulated Membrane Protein CsPRM10 Plays an Essential Role in the Asexual Reproduction of the Pepper Anthracnose FungusJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Regulatory adaptation of an accessory gene controls fungal halotolerance and niche expansion.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Three hydrophobic surface binding a proteins link surface hydrophobicity to sporulation, biofilm formation, and host interaction inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- AlphaFold modeling uncovers global structural features of class I and class II fungal hydrophobins.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025Article
- Bio-Based Surfactants and Biosurfactants: An Overview and Main Characteristics.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- An Overview ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Identification and Characterization of a Predominant Hydrophobin in the Edible MushroomJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- In Silico Evaluation, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Structural Modeling of the Class II Hydrophobin Family from Different Fungal Phytopathogens.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Hydrophobin GeneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Plant Defense Elicitation by the Hydrophobin Cerato-Ulmin and Correlation with Its Structural Features.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Fungal Cell Factories for Efficient and Sustainable Production of Proteins and Peptides.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Review
- The G protein subunit α1, CaGα1, mediates ethylene sensing of mango anthracnose pathogenFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Higher fungi can rapidly produce large numbers of spores suitable for aerial dispersal. The efficiency of the dispersal and spore resilience to abiotic stresses correlate with their hydrophobicity provided by the unique amphiphilic and superior surface-active proteins-hydrophobins (HFBs)-that self-assemble at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces and thus modulate surface properties. Using the HFB-enriched mold Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and the HFB-free yeast Pichia pastoris (Saccharomycetales, Ascomycota), we revealed that the rapid release of HFBs by aerial hyphae shortly prior to conidiation is associated with their intracellular accumulation in vacuoles and/or lipid-enriched organelles. The occasional internalization of the latter organelles in vacuoles can provide the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface for the assembly of HFB layers and thus result in the formation of HFB-enriched vesicles and vacuolar multicisternal structures (VMSs) putatively lined up by HFBs. These HFB-enriched vesicles and VMSs can become fused in large tonoplast-like organelles or move to the periplasm for secretion. The tonoplast-like structures can contribute to the maintenance of turgor pressure in aerial hyphae supporting the erection of sporogenic structures (e.g., conidiophores) and provide intracellular force to squeeze out HFB-enriched vesicles and VMSs from the periplasm through the cell wall. We also show that the secretion of HFBs occurs prior to the conidiation and reveal that the even spore coating of HFBs deposited in the extracellular matrix requires microscopic water droplets that can be either guttated by the hyphae or obtained from the environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that at least one HFB, HFB4 in T. guizhouense, is produced and secreted by wetted spores. We show that this protein possibly controls spore dormancy and contributes to the water sensing mechanism required for the detection of germination conditions. Thus, intracellular HFBs have a range of pleiotropic functions in aerial hyphae and spores and are essential for fungal development and fitness.
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