ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2021
Cigarette Smoking and Competing Risks for Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease Subtypes Across the Life Course.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Nicotine-Mediated Redox and Nitrosative Stress in Cardiorenal Health.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Review
- Differential impact of smoking on intracerebral haemorrhage based on cerebral microbleed status: a case-control study.BMJ open · 2026Observational
- Contribution of Sport Type to the Association Between Handgrip Strength and Morbidity/Mortality: Future Follow-up Study and Possible Mechanisms.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Long-term mortality and causes of death after venous thromboembolism: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Cohort Study.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Article
- Weight change and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese patients after acute coronary syndromes.European heart journal open · 2026Article
- The combined impact of social isolation and unhealthy risk score on mortality risk: a study from two prospective cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Saudi Secondary Prevention Survey Study in Patients with Prior Acute Myocardial Infarction (4S Registry): Study Design and Pilot Phase Results.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Beta-Blocker therapy improves survival after concomitant septal myectomy and aortic valve replacement.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2026Article
- Tobacco use disorder is associated with increased risk of cardiomyopathy in a population-based study from Taiwan.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammation-resolution signalling in cardiac repair, remodelling, and heart failure.European heart journal open · 2025Review
- Premenstrual disorders and risk of cardiovascular diseases.Nature cardiovascular research · 2025Article
- Inaccurate and misleading meta-analysis of E-cigarettes and population-based diseases.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Epigenetics: A link between toxicants and diseases.iScience · 2025Review
- Neuroimmune Interactions and Their Role in Immune Cell Trafficking in Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A Framework for Exception From Informed Consent in Trials Enrolling Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic Profile in Young Adults With Diverse Cigarette Smoking Histories: A Longitudinal Study From Adolescence.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with premature death related and not related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether risk associated with smoking is similar across CVD subtypes and how this translates into years of life lost is not known. Methods and Results We pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 9 population-based cohorts in the United States. All participants were free of clinical CVD at baseline with available data on current smoking status, covariates, and CVD outcomes. We examined the association between smoking status and total CVD and CVD subtypes, including fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and other CVD deaths. We performed (1) modified Kaplan-Meier analysis to estimate long-term risks, (2) adjusted competing Cox models to estimate joint cumulative risks for CVD or noncardiovascular death, and (3) Irwin's restricted mean to estimate years lived free from and with CVD. Of 106 165 adults, 50.4% were women. Overall long-term risks for CVD events were 46.0% (95% CI, 44.7-47.3) and 34.7% (95% CI, 33.3-36.0) in middle-aged men and women, respectively. In middle-aged men who reported smoking compared with those who did not smoke, competing hazard ratios (HRs) were higher for the first presentation being a fatal CVD event (HR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.68-1.92]), with a similar pattern among women (HR,1.82 [95% CI, 1.68-1.98]). Smoking was associated with earlier CVD onset by 5.1 and 3.8 years in men and women. Similar patterns were observed in younger and older adults. Conclusions Current smoking was associated with a fatal event as the first manifestation of clinical CVD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.