ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2022
Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade in Treatment-Refractory MOG-IgG-Associated Disease and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.
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In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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0cells of the map it votes in
77citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
14.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Double-Negative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Pooled it
- Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD): The MENACTRIMS Guidelines.CNS drugs · 2026Guideline
- 2025 Brazilian guidelines for the management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in adults and children.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Guideline
- Effectiveness and tolerability of different therapies in preventive treatment of MOG-IgG-associated disorder: A network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Investigation of Complement Activation and Cytokine Signatures in AQP4+ NMOSD, MOGAD, and MS.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- Interleukin 6 Receptor Blockade for Relapse Prevention in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease.JAMA neurology · 2026Article
- [XVIII Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: Review of the New Developments Presented at the 2025 ECTRIMS Congress (Part II)].Revista de neurologia · 2026Article
- Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and relapse risk: Effects of smoking and vascular risk factors.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Ofatumumab in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: A Comparison With Rituximab.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric lupus centered on innate immune activation.Human cell · 2026Review
- Serum and CSF cytokine profile impact clinical phenotype in pediatric MOGAD.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Article
- Substrates of 8.5-year clinical outcomes in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease presenting as encephalitis and concurrent Epstein-Barr virus detection: a case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Biomarkers for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease: recent advances and future.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
50 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Marius RingelsteinDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany. marius.ringelstein@med.uni-duesseldorf.de orhan.aktas@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.ORCID 0000-0001-8619-1327
Ilya AyzenbergDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Gero LindenblattDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Katinka FischerDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Anna GahlenDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Giovanni NoviDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3877-6763
Helen Hayward-KönneckeDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Sven SchipplingDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Paulus S RommerDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Barbara KornekDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Tobias ZrzavyDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-8909-1591
Damien BiottiDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Jonathan CironDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-3386-6308
Bertrand AudoinDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-9860-7657
Achim BertheleDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-9650-6222
Katrin GiglhuberDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Helene ZephirDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Tania KümpfelDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Robert BergerDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Joachim RötherDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Vivien HäußlerDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7787-7391
Jan-Patrick StellmannDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2565-2833
Daniel WhittamDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Anu JacobDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Markus KraemerDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Antoine GueguenDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Romain DeschampsDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Antonios BayasDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Martin W HümmertDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Corinna TrebstDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Axel HaarmannDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Sven JariusDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Brigitte WildemannDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Matthias GrotheDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7998-5310
Nadja SiebertDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Klemens RuprechtDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Friedemann PaulDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Nicolas CollonguesDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-3683-5582
Romain MarignierDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Michael LevyDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7969-8346
Michael KarenfortDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Michael DeppeDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Philipp AlbrechtDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-7987-658X
Kerstin HellwigDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4467-9011
Ralf GoldDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Hans-Peter HartungDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Sven G MeuthDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
Ingo KleiterDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8249-4408
Orhan AktasDepartment of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation - Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2020-9210
Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf · DEInstitut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires · FRCleveland Clinic · USSechenov University · RU
Funding
Austrian Science Fund FWF KLI 837
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesTo evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD).
methodsAnnualized relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Status Scale score, MRI, autoantibody titers, pain, and adverse events were retrospectively evaluated in 57 patients with MOGAD (n = 14), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG seropositive (n = 36), and seronegative NMOSD (n = 7; 12%), switched to TCZ from previous immunotherapies, particularly rituximab.
resultsPatients received TCZ for 23.8 months (median; interquartile range 13.0-51.1 months), with an IV dose of 8.0 mg/kg (median; range 6-12 mg/kg) every 31.6 days (mean; range 26-44 days). For MOGAD, the median ARR decreased from 1.75 (range 0.5-5) to 0 (range 0-0.9; DISCUSSION: This study provides Class III evidence that long-term TCZ therapy is safe and reduces relapse probability in MOGAD and AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD.
Indexed as
AdultAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAquaporin 4Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNSFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinNeuromyelitis OpticaOutcome Assessment, Health CareReceptors, Interleukin-6Secondary PreventionYoung AdultAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAQP4 protein, humanAquaporin 4IL6R protein, humanMOG protein, humanMyelin-Oligodendrocyte GlycoproteinReceptors, Interleukin-6tocilizumab
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