ArticleJCI insight2021
PD-1 blockade counteracts post-COVID-19 immune abnormalities and stimulates the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of interleukin-6, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase with venous thromboembolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- The Metabolic Aftershock: COVID-19 and Metabolic Disease Risk Among U.S. Active-Duty Military Personnel.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Increase of Inhibitory Siglec receptors on T cells mitigates severe immune reactions during acute viral infections.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- No evidence of immune exhaustion after repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in vulnerable and healthy populations.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Link of TMPRSS2 expression with tumor immunogenicity and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancers.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Metabolic, genetic and immunological features of relatives of type 1 diabetes patients with elevated insulin resistance.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit Triggers Pericyte and Microvascular Dysfunction in Human Pancreatic Islets.Diabetes · 2025Article
- T-cell exhaustion in COVID-19: what do we know?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- State of Knowledge About Thyroid Cancers in the Era of COVID-19-A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- PD-L1: From cancer immunotherapy to therapeutic implications in multiple disorders.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Review
- Altered ACE2 and interferon landscape in the COVID-19 microenvironment correlate with the anti-PD-1 response in solid tumors.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for immunotherapy in patients with malignant tumors after COVID-19 infection: A single-center cohort study.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Long COVID science, research and policy.Nature medicine · 2024Review
- Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models.Zoological research · 2024Review
- Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- T Cell Responses in Pregnant Women Who Received mRNA-Based Vaccination to Prevent COVID-19 Revealed Unknown Exposure to the Natural Infection and Numerous SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4- CD8- Double Negative T Cells and Regulatory T Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Post-COVID-19 condition: systemic inflammation and low functional exercise capacity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Non-coding RNAs expression in SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenesis, clinical significance, and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus.Endocrine · 2023Review
- Different Prognostic Role of Soluble PD-L1 in the Course of Severe and Non-Severe COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A substantial proportion of patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) experience COVID-19-related symptoms even months after hospital discharge. We extensively immunologically characterized patients who recovered from COVID-19. In these patients, T cells were exhausted, with increased PD-1+ T cells, as compared with healthy controls. Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, and IL-8, among others, were also increased in patients who recovered from COVID-19. This altered immunophenotype was mirrored by a reduced ex vivo T cell response to both nonspecific and specific stimulation, revealing a dysfunctional status of T cells, including a poor response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Altered levels of plasma soluble PD-L1, as well as of PD1 promoter methylation and PD1-targeting miR-15-5p, in CD8+ T cells were also observed, suggesting abnormal function of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint axis. Notably, ex vivo blockade of PD-1 nearly normalized the aforementioned immunophenotype and restored T cell function, reverting the observed post-COVID-19 immune abnormalities; indeed, we also noted an increased T cell-mediated response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Finally, in a neutralization assay, PD-1 blockade did not alter the ability of T cells to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus infection. Immune checkpoint blockade ameliorates post-COVID-19 immune abnormalities and stimulates an anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.