ArticleeLife2021
Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- LncRNA modulates Dpp-mediated wing development to influence flight in Aedes aegypti.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Passive mechanisms in flying insects and applications in bio-inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Reciprocal actuation core and modular robotic limbs for flying, swimming and running.Communications engineering · 2025Article
- Insect Flight: State of the Field and Future Directions.Integrative and comparative biology · 2024Article
- The self-oscillation paradox in the flight motor ofJournal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Article
- Honeybee wings hold antibiofouling and antimicrobial clues for improved applications in health care and industries.AIMS microbiology · 2023Article
- Flies trade off stability and performance via adaptive compensation to wing damage.Science advances · 2022Article
- Distinct forms of resonant optimality within insect indirect flight motors.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mechanics of Dipteran thorax is dictated by a network of exoskeletal linkages that, when deformed by the flight muscles, generate coordinated wing movements. In Diptera, the forewings power flight, whereas the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback for flight stabilization. Although actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high frequencies. Because wingbeat frequency is a product of wing-thorax resonance, any wear-and-tear of wings or thorax should impair flight ability. How robust is the Dipteran flight system against such perturbations? Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators. We systematically reduced the wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected. The wing-wing system is a strongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical linkages that synchronize phase and frequency. Wing-haltere link acts in a unidirectional manner; altering wingbeat frequency affects haltere frequency, but not vice versa. Exoskeletal linkages are thus key morphological features of the Dipteran thorax that ensure wing-haltere synchrony, despite severe wing damage.
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