ReviewThe journal of spinal cord medicine2021
Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury.
Review in The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combinatorial approaches increasing neuronal activity accelerate recovery after spinal cord injury.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Trial
- Exercise training promotes nerve cell repair and regeneration after spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Electrophysiological evidence of Hebbian plasticity in awake adult rats.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Combining cortical and spinal stimulation maximizes the improvement of gait after spinal cord injury.iScience · 2025Article
- Corticospinal Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Propelling Sensorimotor Function Recovery in Complete Spinal Cord Injury: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Stable Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability by the Combination of Paired Associative Stimulation and Interlimb Cortical Network.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Paired associative stimulation improves motor function in the upper extremity in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a corroborative study.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2024Article
- The secretome of macrophages has a differential impact on spinal cord injury recovery according to the polarization protocol.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Review
- Increased paired stimuli enhance corticospinal-motoneuronal plasticity in humans with spinal cord injury.Journal of neurophysiology · 2023Article
- The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine: Review of pandemic-era topics and trends.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2023Article
- A Prediction Model for Various Treatment Pathways of Upper Extremity in Tetraplegia.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextRehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) relies on the use of exercise training, which has limited functional gains. There is a need to develop more efficient approaches to facilitate recovery after SCI.
methodsThis review focuses on a neuromodulation method where transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex is paired with transcutaneous electrical stimulation over a peripheral nerve to induce plasticity at corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses. These two stimuli are applied at precise inter-stimulus intervals to reinforce corticospinal synaptic transmission using principles of spike-timing-dependent plasticity applied alone or in combination with exercise training.
resultsTransmission in residual corticospinal axons, assessed using TMS and maximal voluntary motor output, increased after stimulation combined with exercise training in persons with SCI. There were also significant improvements in functional outcomes, including walking speed and grasping function, which persisted after 6-9 months post stimulation. Moreover, the data suggested that the effects of the stimulation protocol can be augmented with a higher number of sessions and with multiple stimulation sites in the spinal cord.
conclusionsVoluntary movement is enhanced in people with SCI through the strengthening of corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses using paired stimulation. This neuromodulation technique represents a novel powerful strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.