ArticleLancet regional health. Americas2022
The income gradient in COVID-19 mortality and hospitalisation: An observational study with social security administrative records in Mexico.
Article in Lancet regional health. Americas, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incorporating Social Determinants of Health in Infectious Disease Models: A Systematic Review of Guidelines.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2024Pooled it
- Modelling the joint association of socio-economic disadvantage, diabetes, and obesity on COVID-19 mortality in Greater Mexico City.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The impact of violence and COVID-19 on Mexico's life-expectancy losses and recent bounce-back, 2015-22.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Unravelling demographic and socioeconomic patterns of COVID-19 death and other causes of death: results of an individual-level analysis of exhaustive cause of death data in Belgium, 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Social trust and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: lessons in planning for future pandemics using data from the general social survey.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effect of vaccination on COVID-19 mortality during omicron wave among highly marginalized mexican population.Heliyon · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Mortality and Severity in Cancer Patients and Cancer Survivors.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Observational
- Death from COVID-19 in contexts of social deprivation in Mexico.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Are Food Pantries the New Grocery Stores for Multi-Generational Families with Children? Disparities in Emergency Food Assistance Reliance Based on Household Composition.Journal of hunger & environmental nutrition · 2024Article
- Quantifying the heterogeneous impact of lockdown policies on different socioeconomic classes during the first COVID-19 wave in Colombia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality between neighborhoods of Bariloche city, Argentina.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Observational
- Article
- Household income is associated with functional outcomes in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with ischemic stroke and COVID-19.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2023Article
- Has COVID-19 increased inequality in mortality by income in the Netherlands?Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Determinants and health outcomes of trajectories of social mobility in Australia.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Determinants of COVID-19 vaccination worldwide: WORLDCOV, a retrospective observational study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Observational
- A global analysis of COVID-19 infection fatality rate and its associated factors during the Delta and Omicron variant periods: an ecological study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic revealed large structural inequalities that led to disparities in health outcomes related to socioeconomic status. So far, most of the evidence is based on aggregated data or simulations with individual data, which point to various possible mechanisms behind the association. To date, there have been no studies regarding an income gradient in COVID-19 mortality based on individual-level data and adjusting for comorbidities or access to healthcare.
methodsIn this paper, we use linked employee-patient data for patients tested for COVID-19 at the Mexican Institute of Social Security. We estimate the association of the probability of dying with income centiles, using a probit estimation and adjusting for COVID-19 diagnosis, sociodemographic variables, and comorbidities.
findingsAfter controlling for all these variables, we find that persons in the lowest income decile still had a probability of dying from COVID-19 five times greater than those at the top decile.
interpretationOur results imply that the association between income and COVID outcomes is not explained by the prevalence of comorbidities or by a lack of access to healthcare among the low-income population.
fundingThis study was not supported by any external funding source.
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