ArticleFrontiers in chemistry2021
A Retrospective Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Regulated and Unregulated E-Cigarette Liquids.
Article in Frontiers in chemistry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heavy Metals in Cannabis Vapes and Their Health Implications-A Scoping Review.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2025Article
- A multi-year characterization of confiscated vaping products from Virginia school youth.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2024Article
- Ethyl acetate in e-liquids: Implications for breath testing.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2024Article
- Nicotine or marijuana vaping exposure during pregnancy and altered immune responses in offspring.Journal of environmental exposure assessment · 2024Article
- E-cigarette attitudes and behaviours amongst 15-30-year-olds in the UK.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Nontargeted Analysis in Tobacco Research: Challenges and Opportunities.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Review
- The impact of vaping ethanol-containing electronic cigarette liquids on roadside impairment investigations.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2023Article
- Cannabinoid-based vaping products and supplement formulations reported by consumers to precipitate adverse effects.Drug testing and analysis · 2023Article
- A determination of the aerosolization efficiency of drugs of abuse in a eutectic mixture with nicotine in electronic cigarettes.Drug testing and analysis · 2023Article
- Not all vaping is the same: differential pulmonary effects of vaping cannabidiol versus nicotine.Thorax · 2023Article
- #Delta8: a retailer-driven increase in Delta-8 THC discussions on Twitter from 2020 to 2021.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2023Article
- The history, evolution, and practice of cannabis and E-cigarette industries highlight necessary public health and public safety considerations.Journal of safety research · 2023Article
- Aerosolized nicotine from e-cigarettes alters gene expression, increases lung protein permeability, and impairs viral clearance in murine influenza infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- ∆8-THC, THC-O Acetates and CBD-di-O Acetate: Emerging Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Commercially Sold Plant Material and Gummy Edibles.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2022Article
- Electronic Cigarette Vaping Did Not Enhance the Neural Process of Working Memory for Regular Cigarette Smokers.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Survey of U.S. Residents and Their Usage of Electronic Cigarettes with Drugs Other Than Nicotine.Journal of psychoactive drugsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
E-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) was identified with the incidents of a multi-state outbreak of acute lung injuries associated with the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and attributed to vitamin E acetate in off-market cannabis-based e-liquids. Aside from EVALI, hypersecretion of mucus, irritated nasal passages, and watery, red eyes have been defined as complaints associated with vaping standard nicotine-based e-liquids. The chemical composition of e-liquids varies between manufacturers and robust oversight of ingredients is lacking. Manufacturers use chemicals deemed "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the FDA, a designation for chemicals used in foodstuffs to be ingested. Most "GRAS" chemicals are associated with at least one Global Harmonization System (GHS) warning class, ranging from irritant to toxic. Untargeted chemical analysis is critical to evaluate e-liquid products to determine chemical composition; equally important is the quantitation of components to help elucidate the potential harms from exceeding recommended exposure limits. Untargeted screening of e-liquids was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Direct Analysis in Real Time-AccuTOF™ mass spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS) and has identified 350 chemical constituents from 241 products analyzed. Nicotine, caffeine, menthol, and vitamin E were confirmed and quantitated by GC-MS, ethanol was confirmed and quantitated by headspace-gas chromatography-dual flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID), and olivetol and cannabinoids were confirmed and quantitated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Maximum identified concentrations of nicotine, caffeine, menthol, vitamin E, ethanol, olivetol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol were 56.4, 26.9, 4.28, 307.9, 217.2, 399.6, 497.7, and 332.6 mg/ml, respectively. Evaluation of untargeted analysis and quantitation of unlabeled chemical components of e-liquids is essential to improving etiology of acute lung injury and less severe impacts of vaping, both short-term and long-term. The historical documentation of unlabeled ingredients can provide some insight for a retrospective analysis of health consequences and inform policy discussions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.