ReviewFrontiers in oncology2021
Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma: Current Understanding and Therapeutic Implications.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Imbalance Between Tumor Immunosurveillance and Tumor Immune Escape in Glioblastoma.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Circulating PDIA4, MMP-2, MMP-9, and Claudin-2 in Vitamin D-Deficient Patients with Brain Tumors: An Exploratory Clinical Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma: immunobiology and translational implications.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Review
- The Hallmarks of Glioblastoma: Functional Interplay Between Long Non-Coding RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins.Cells · 2026Review
- 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Induces Competing Death and Survival Pathways in Glioblastoma Cells.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Article
- The microenvironment of glioblastoma: in pursuit of universal multimodal immunotherapy.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- MR-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Case Report With Novel Insights Into Histopathological Changes and Immunological Responses.Neuropathology and applied neurobiology · 2026Article
- Nexus of IDO1/Kynurenine Pathway to T-Cell Exhaustion: Hypoxia-Induced Tryptophan Metabolism in Glioblastoma.Metabolites · 2026Review
- When Central Tolerance Fails: Thymic Malignancies at the Intersection of Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity.Cancers · 2026Review
- CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta regulates miRs-4257 and 3156 to attenuate the interleukin 12 through small extracellular vesicle transmission in glioblastoma.Cancer cell international · 2026Article
- A characterisation of the immune cells in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with orthotopic brain tumors.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Pathological neural and immune synapses in glioblastoma progression: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2026Review
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cell-Surface PCNA Is Co-Expressed with Biomarkers of Stemness and Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma.Cancers · 2025Article
- Plasma Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsies for Glioblastoma: Biomarkers, Subpopulation Enrichment, and Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Targeting the extracellular matrix with Tenascin-C-specific CAR T cells extends survival in preclinical models of glioblastoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Vaccine-induced immunity is maintained in glioma patients relative to other solid tumours.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Review
- Responsive mesoporous silica nanocarriers in glioma therapy: A step forward in overcoming biological barriers.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults an carries and carries a terrible prognosis. The current regiment of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy has remained largely unchanged in recent years as new therapeutic approaches have struggled to demonstrate benefit. One of the most challenging hurdles to overcome in developing novel treatments is the profound immune suppression found in many GBM patients. This limits the utility of all manner of immunotherapeutic agents, which have revolutionized the treatment of a number of cancers in recent years, but have failed to show similar benefit in GBM therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor-mediated immune suppression in GBM is critical to the development of effective novel therapies, and reversal of this effect may prove key to effective immunotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of tumor-mediated immune suppression in GBM in both the local tumor microenvironment and systemically. We also discuss the effects of current GBM therapy on the immune system. We specifically explore some of the downstream effectors of tumor-driven immune suppression, particularly myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and other immunosuppressive monocytes, and the manner by which GBM induces their formation, with particular attention to the role of GBM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Lastly, we briefly review the current state of immunotherapy for GBM and discuss additional hurdles to overcome identification and implementation of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.