ReviewFrontiers in psychology2021
Sexual Orientation Identity Development Milestones Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sexual Health and Relationship Abuse Interventions in Pediatric Primary Care: A Systematic Review.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Relationships between internalized stigma and depression and suicide risk among queer youth in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Social Media Use and Health and Well-being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Pooled it
- Developmental Asset Profiles as Moderators of the Association Between Intersectional Discrimination and Mental Health Among Black Sexual Minority Men.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2026Article
- LGBTQ+ Realities in the Biological Sciences.CBE life sciences education · 2026Article
- Mental Health Service Use in Sexually and Gender Diverse Youths and Cisgender Heterosexual Youths.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Mental health service experiences regarding sexual orientation: Relations with demographics, depression, and suicidality among queer adults.Psychological services · 2026Article
- Oppression-based stressors, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among a national sample of queer adolescents of color.Journal of traumatic stress · 2026Article
- Exploring the Link Between Identity Avoidance and Perceived Self-Knowledge.Personality & social psychology bulletin · 2026Article
- Social epidemiology of gender diversity in early adolescents.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in sexual identity development among young sexual minority cisgender women: Associations with outness, victimization, and depression.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2026Article
- Associations of discrimination, mental health symptoms, and substance use among sexual and gender minority young adults: Differences by type and source of social support.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Supporting sexual minority adolescents: A critical realist thematic analysis of psychological therapists' experiences.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2026Article
- Bullying and co-occurring psychological distress, self-harm and attempted suicide in adolescents - health inequalities by sexual identity.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Milestones, revisited: Iterative and nonlinear identity development in Gen-Z.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Dilemma to conform or to come out: an in-depth exploration with sexual minority women.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- The Impact of Birth Year on the Coming Out Process for Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals from Austria.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Associations between Local and State Structural Stigma, Minority stress, and Mental Health in a Nationwide Sample of Sexual Minority Adolescents.Child & adolescent social work journal : C & A · 2026Article
- Associations of rural-urban residence with daily experiences of minority stress and tobacco use among sexual minority young adults.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Identity centrality as a double-edged sword: mental health mechanisms among lesbian/gay and bisexual university students in China.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual minority identity (LGB+). Common milestones measured in the 30 studies reviewed were becoming aware of queer attractions, questioning one's sexual orientation, self-identifying as LGB+, coming out to others, engaging in sexual activity, and initiating a romantic relationship. Milestones occurred in different sequences, although attraction was almost always first, often followed by self-identification and/or sexual activity; coming out and initiating a romantic relationship often followed these milestones. Meta-analysis results showed that the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals varied by milestone: attraction [
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.