Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34776972›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2021

Precision Medicine in Graves' Disease and Ophthalmopathy.

Giusy Elia, Poupak Fallahi, Francesca Ragusa, Sabrina Rosaria Paparo, Valeria Mazzi, Salvatore Benvenga, Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Abnormal Elevation of the Expression of Costimulatory Molecule CD226 in Graves' DiseaseEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026
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  15. Long-term management of Graves disease: a narrative review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2023
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Giusy EliaDepartment of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Poupak FallahiDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Francesca RagusaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Sabrina Rosaria PaparoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Valeria MazziDepartment of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Salvatore BenvengaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Alessandro AntonelliDepartment of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Silvia Martina FerrariDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
University of Pisa · ITAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino" · IT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Graves' disease (GD) is a condition caused by an autoimmune process involving the thyroid gland, whose main outcome is hyperthyroidism. TSAb start the autoimmune process stimulating the overproduction of thyroid hormones. In addition, TSAb can stimulate TSH-R expressed in fibroblasts and orbital pre-adipocytes leading to the manifestation of Graves' ophtalmopathy (GO). Also, autoantibodies directed against IGF-1R have an important role in immune-pathogenesis of GO. Fundamental is the role played by cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, Il-6), and Th1 chemokines in the immune-pathogenesis of both disorders, particularly in the active phase. Novel discoveries in the field led to the investigation of promising therapies, such as immune-therapies towards specific antigens (for example against TSH-R), aiming in restoring the immune tolerance versus the immune dominant epitopes associated with autoimmunity in GD. Moreover, Etanercept (that blocks the TNF-mediated inflammatory responses), TCZ (that acts against the IL-6 receptor), and RTX (that acts against CD20) have proven to be useful and safe therapeutic options in refractory GO treatment. Furthermore, teprotumumab (a human monoclonal anti-IGF-1R blocking antibody), have been revealed effective in the treatment of patients with moderate-severe GO and it is now approved for GO therapy in United States. Molecules able to act as antagonists of CXCR3, or to block CXCL10, are also under study. More extensive researches are needed to deepen out these drugs as well as to identify new targeted and effective therapies, that will permit a more precise identification of GD, or GO, patients able to respond to specific targeted therapies.

Indexed as

chemokinecytokinesGraves’ diseaseGraves’ ophthalmologyrituximabteprotumumabthyroid eye diseasetocilizumab

Identifiers

PMID34776972
PMCPMC8581657
OpenAlexW3210505472

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.