ArticleClinical diabetes and endocrinology2021
Type 2 diabetes reversal with digital twin technology-enabled precision nutrition and staging of reversal: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Clinical diabetes and endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implementation and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Nutrition: A Systematic Review of Use in Practice and Research.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Machine learning and artificial intelligence in type 2 diabetes prediction: a comprehensive 33-year bibliometric and literature analysis.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Pooled it
- Data, Process, and Data-Driven Representations of Digital Twins in Diabetes: Scoping Review.JMIR diabetes · 2026Review
- Applications of digital twin technology in cardiometabolic disease management: a scoping review.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Digital Twin Applications in Diabetes Management: Scoping Review.JMIR diabetes · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence for improving decision-making in bacterial infection management: a narrative review.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Review
- A comprehensive mechanistic multicellular model of the human immune system spanning 11 diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A digital twin framework for predicting and simulating type 2 diabetes onset using retrospective lifestyle data.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic risk reduction with digital twinning in patients with type 2 diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2025Review
- From Architecture to Outcomes: Mapping the Landscape of Digital Twins for Personalized Diabetes Care-A Scoping Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Foodomics in Diabetes Management: A New Approach.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- A scoping review of human digital twins in healthcare applications and usage patterns.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- A Modular Mathematical Model of the Immune Response for Investigating the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases.Viruses · 2025Article
- Digital Twins for Clinical and Operational Decision-Making: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Immune digital twins for complex human pathologies: applications, limitations, and challenges.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Review
- Definitions and Characteristics of Patient Digital Twins Being Developed for Clinical Use: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- The future backbone of nutritional science: integrating public health priorities with system-oriented precision nutrition.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Review
- Evolution of digital twins in precision health applications: a scoping review study.Research square · 2024Article
- Transforming the cardiometabolic disease landscape: Multimodal AI-powered approaches in prevention and management.Cell metabolism · 2024Review
- Digital Twins of Biological Systems: A Narrative Review.IEEE open journal of engineering in medicine and biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes reversal has been viewed in the literature primarily as a dichotomous event (reversed or not reversed), even though this viewpoint may not be optimal for clinicians or patients. This cohort study's objectives were to define stages of type 2 diabetes reversal and measure changes in reversal stages before and after 90 days of digital twin-enabled precision nutrition therapy.
methodsThis study defines seven stages of diabetes reversal. The study is a retrospective pre/post comparison of changes in reversal stage, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), weight, body mass index (BMI), and other metrics measured before and after precision nutrition therapy. Reversal stages were defined as Stage 0: HbA1c < 5.7% without medication for > 1 year, Stage 1: HbA1c < 5.7% without medication for < 1 year, Stage 2: HbA1c < 6.5% without medication, Stage 3: estimated HbA1c (eA1c) between 5.7 and 6.4% without medication, Stage 4: estimated HbA1c (eA1c) between 5.7 and 6.4% with metformin monotherapy, Stage 5: dual oral therapy, Stage 6: > = 3 medications.
resultsReversal stage information was available for 463 patients at baseline and 90 days. At baseline, the proportions of patients in each reversal stage were Stages 1 and 2: 0%, Stage 3: 1%, Stage 4: 8%, Stage 5: 6%, and Stage 6: 85%. After 90 days, the proportions in each reversal stage were Stage 1: 2%, Stage 2: 9%, Stage 3: 32%, Stage 4: 39%, Stage 5: 7%, and Stage 6: 11%, indicating significant progress. Reversal stage progression rates varied by patient subgroup.
conclusionsType 2 diabetes patients reached differing reversal stages during 90 days of precision nutrition therapy. Use of reversal stages may benefit patients during therapy.
trial registrationThis was a retrospective study that was approved by the Medisys Clinisearch Ethical Review Board (without registration number) in 2019.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.